Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica): New Host for Cucumber Mosaic Virus

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney L. Pariera Dinkins ◽  
Sue K. Brumfield ◽  
Robert K. D. Peterson ◽  
William E. Grey ◽  
Sharlene E. Sing
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Aphid Transmission ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
New Host ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Linaria Dalmatica ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Dalmatian Toadflax

To date, there have been no reports of Dalmatian toadflax serving as a host for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Infestations of Dalmatian toadflax may serve as a reservoir of CMV, thereby facilitating aphid transmission of CMV to both agricultural crops and native plants. The goal of this study was to determine whether Dalmatian toadflax is a host for CMV. Dalmatian toadflax seedlings were randomly assigned to two treatments (18 replicates/treatment): no inoculation (control) and inoculation with CMV (Fast New York strain). The Dalmatian toadflax seedlings were inoculated by standard mechanical methods and tested for the presence of CMV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ten of the 18 CMV-inoculated toadflax plants tested positive for the virus; 6 of the 18 displayed systemic mosaic chlorosis and leaf curling. All control plants tested negative. Transmission electron microscopy obtained from CMV-positive plants confirmed the presence of CMV based on physical properties. To verify CMV infestation, tobacco plants were assigned to the following treatments (six replicates/treatment): no inoculation (control), CMV-negative (control) inoculation, and a CMV-positive inoculation. Plants were inoculated by standard methods. Five of the 6 tobacco plants treated with the CMV-positive inoculum tested positive for CMV using ELISA. All control plants tested negative for the virus.

scholarly journals Cucumber Mosaic Virus, Tobacco Streak Virus, and Cucumber Mosaic Virus Satellite RNA Associated with Mosaic and Ringspot Symptoms in Ajuga reptans in Ohio

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 1214-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Fisher ◽  
S. T. Nameth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Ajuga Reptans

Creeping bugleweed (Ajuga reptans L.) is a perennial ornamental commonly grown as a ground cover in temperate climates. Commercial samples of the A. reptans cultivars Royalty, var. Atropurpurea Bronze, Bronze Beauty, and Burgundy Glow showing mosaic and ringspot symptoms were tested for the presence of virus infection by direct antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and viral-associated double-stranded (ds) RNA analysis. Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) was detected by ELISA and dsRNA analysis in symptomatic samples of all cultivars tested. ELISA values were considered positive if the absorbance values were twice the negative control. Negative control values were established with asymptomatic tissue of the cv. Bronze Beauty. Tobacco streak ilarvirus (TSV) was detected only by ELISA in symptomatic samples of all cultivars except Royalty. No dsRNA suggestive of TSV was detected. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was detected by ELISA and dsRNA analysis in symptomatic samples of all cultivars tested except Royalty and var. Atropurpurea Bronze. dsRNA analysis also indicated the presence of a low molecular weight, possible satellite (sat) RNA associated with all symptomatic and asymptomatic Royalty and var. Atropurpurea Bronze plants tested. Northern (RNA) blot analysis with a digoxigenin-labeled full-length clone of the (S) CARNA-5 (-) CMV satRNA (ATCC no. 45124) confirmed that the low molecular weight RNA associated with the Royalty and var. Atropurpurea Bronze cultivars was indeed CMV satRNA. Only AMV has been previously reported in A. reptans in the United States (1). This is the first report of CMV and its satRNA, as well as TSV, in A. reptans in the United States. Reference: (1) W. T. Schroeder and R. Provvidenti. Plant Dis. Rep. 56:285, 1972.

scholarly journals Polygala myrtifolia as a New Natural Host of Cucumber mosaic virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (12) ◽  
pp. 1403-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tessitori ◽  
A. Reina ◽  
V. Catara ◽  
G. Polizzi
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
New Host ◽  
Polyclonal Antisera ◽  
Polygala Myrtifolia ◽  
Das Elisa

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) are among the most important viral pathogens of ornamental plants (1). Polygala myrtifolia L. (myrtle-leaf milkwort), originating from South Africa, and a member of the Polygalaceae, was recently introduced in Italy as a cultivated ornamental shrub for its fast and attractive free-flowering growth and drought-resistant characteristics. It can become an invasive plant and is now considered a serious problem in coastal areas of Australia where it was introduced as a garden plant. In Italy, P. myrtifolia is propagated by cuttings in commercial nurseries during the summer. In the winter of 2002, plants of P. myrtifolia growing in pots in an ornamental nursery in Sicily showed virus-like mosaic and malformation of leaves that appeared lanceolate with a lack of flowering. Leaf tissue was analyzed by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) with polyclonal antisera to CMV, TSWV (Lettuce type), and INSV. Positive ELISA results were obtained only with the CMV polyclonal antisera. Complete remission of symptoms was observed on new flushes after pruning and incubation of infected plants at warm temperatures (30 and 20°C, day and night, respectively). This evidence led to the hypothesis that the disease or virus was disseminated by transportation and propagation of plants without visible symptoms during the hot season. A survey was also performed in two historical gardens of Catania (Sicily) where a group of apparently healthy P. myrtifolia plants, from the previously mentioned ornamental nursery in Sicily, were introduced as a single specimen or to form a hedge. These plants showed the same leaf malformations and mosaic symptoms observed in the nursery. DAS-ELISA confirmed the presence of CMV but not TSWV and INSV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV on P. myrtifolia and it adds a new host to over 1,000 species (85 plant families) infected by this virus. Reference: (1) M. L. Daughtrey et al. Plant Dis. 81:1220, 1997.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effect of Chitosan and Phosphate Cross-linked Chitosan against Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 632-640
Author(s):  
Venkata Subba Reddy Gangireddygari ◽  
Bong Nam Chung ◽  
In-Sook Cho ◽  
Ju-Yeon Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Cysteine Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) causes severe economic loss in crop productivity of both agriculture and horticulture crops in Korea. The previous surveys showed that naturally available biopolymer material – chitosan (CS), which is from shrimp cells, reduced CMV accumulation on pepper. To improve the antiviral activity of CS, it was synthesized to form phosphate cross-linked chitosan (PCS) and compared with the original CS. Initially, the activity of CS and PCS (0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% concentration) compound against PMMoV infection and replication was tested using a half-leaf assay on Nicotiana glutinosa leaves. The total number of local lesions represented on a leaf of N. glutinosa were counted and analyzed with phosphate buffer treated leaves as a negative control. The leaves treated with a 0.1% concentration of CS or PCS compounds exhibited an inhibition effect by 40-75% compared with the control leaves. The same treatment significantly reduced about 40% CMV accumulation measured by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and increased the relative expression levels of the NPR1, PR-1, cysteine protease inhibitor gene, LOX, PAL, SRC2, CRF3 and ERF4 genes analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, in chili pepper plants.

scholarly journals First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus in Eryngium yuccifolium (Rattlesnake Master) in Ohio

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 1384-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Whitten ◽  
S. G. P. Nameth
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Ohio State University ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
State University ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
First Report ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
The Ohio State University

Rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium) is a wildflower that is native to Ohio. In recent years, native wildflowers have become very popular with home gardeners, and conservationists have begun to reestablish these plants in their native ranges. As native perennial wildflowers become more common, it is important to determine if they might serve as possible perennial reservoirs of viruses. A plot of 20 species native to Ohio was established on the Waterman Agricultural and Natural Resources Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. In the summers of 1999 and 2001, random samples were collected from established plantings. Some sampled plants did not show symptoms of virus infection; however, all samples of E. yuccifolium appeared chlorotic, slightly mottled, and stunted. Using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analysis (1), these plants were assayed for viral infection. dsRNA profiles obtained from symptomatic E. yuccifolium resembled that of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). These results were confirmed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN) for CMV. dsRNA-containing samples of E. yuccifolium produced ELISA absorbance values (A405) of 0.231 to 0.713 when compared with the negative control. All 14 samples of E. yuccifolium tested positive for CMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV in E. yuccifolium, which should serve as the basis for a more extensive survey, since CMV can potentially infect a wide variety of ornamental and nonornamental hosts. Reference: (1) R. Valverde et al. Plant Dis. 74:255, 1990.

scholarly journals Solanaceous Weeds as Possible Sources of Cucumber mosaic virus in Southern Illinois for Aphid Transmission to Pepper

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 1221-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Hobbs ◽  
D. M. Eastburn ◽  
C. J. D'Arcy ◽  
J. D. Kindhart ◽  
J. B. Masiunas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Aphid Transmission ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Southern Illinois ◽  
Specific Reactions

Over 5,000 individual plants representing approximately 55 species from an area in southern Illinois where Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) has been a major problem in pepper (Capsicum annuum) were tested for the presence of CMV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Representative ELISA-positive samples were checked by western blot tests to confirm virus-specific reactions. Nearly all of the infected plants detected were either Solanum ptycanthum (eastern black nightshade) or Physalis spp. (principally P. heterophylla, groundcherry). Over 1,000 pepper transplants and approximately 500 tomato transplants, collected prior to planting, were negative for CMV by ELISA. In aphid transmission (arena) experiments, all five aphid species tested were capable of transmitting CMV from nightshade to pepper: Aphis fabae subsp. solanella, Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi, and Sitobion avenae. Aphis fabae subsp. solanella, A. gossypii, and A. nerii were able to transmit CMV from P. heterophylla to pepper. Aphis fabae subsp. solanella was commonly found colonizing nightshade from May through October in southern Illinois.

scholarly journals Topical Application of Double-Stranded RNA Targeting 2b and CP Genes of Cucumber mosaic virus Protects Plants against Local and Systemic Viral Infection

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 963
Author(s):  
Maria C. Holeva ◽  
Athanasios Sklavounos ◽  
Rajendran Rajeswaran ◽  
Mikhail M. Pooggin ◽  
Andreas E. Voloudakis
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Double Stranded Rna

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a destructive plant virus with worldwide distribution and the broadest host range of any known plant virus, as well as a model plant virus for understanding plant–virus interactions. Since the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) as a major antiviral defense, RNAi-based technologies have been developed for plant protection against viral diseases. In plants and animals, a key trigger of RNAi is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) processed by Dicer and Dicer-like (DCL) family proteins in small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In the present study, dsRNAs for coat protein (CP) and 2b genes of CMV were produced in vitro and in vivo and applied onto tobacco plants representing a systemic solanaceous host as well as on a local host plant Chenopodium quinoa. Both dsRNA treatments protected plants from local and systemic infection with CMV, but not against infection with unrelated viruses, confirming sequence specificity of antiviral RNAi. Antiviral RNAi was effective when dsRNAs were applied simultaneously with or four days prior to CMV inoculation, but not four days post inoculation. In vivo-produced dsRNAs were more effective than the in vitro-produced; in treatments with in vivo dsRNAs, dsRNA-CP was more effective than dsRNA-2b, while the effects were opposite with in vitro dsRNAs. Illumina sequencing of small RNAs from in vivo dsRNA-CP treated and non-treated tobacco plants revealed that interference with CMV infection in systemic leaves coincides with strongly reduced accumulation of virus-derived 21- and 22-nucleotide (nt) siRNAs, likely generated by tobacco DCL4 and DCL2, respectively. While the 21-nt class of viral siRNAs was predominant in non-treated plants, 21-nt and 22-nt classes accumulated at almost equal (but low) levels in dsRNA treated plants, suggesting that dsRNA treatment may boost DCL2 activity. Taken together, our findings confirm the efficacy of topical application of dsRNA for plant protection against viruses and shed more light on the mechanism of antiviral RNAi.

scholarly journals Epidemic of Potato virus Y and Cucumber mosaic virus in Henan Province Tobacco

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. D. Li ◽  
Y. Q. Li ◽  
H. G. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Potato Virus ◽  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
Henan Province ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Vein Necrosis

Flue-cured tobacco is an important crop in Henan Province, China. During the 2000 growing season, many tobacco plants showed various degrees of mottling, mosaic, vein clearing, or vein necrosis in most of the counties. Some plants even died at an early stage of growth. A survey was conducted in May-June in several tobacco-growing counties, and the incidence of symptomatic plants in individual fields ranged from 10 to 85%. The most widely planted tobacco varieties, NC89, K326, and K346, were highly susceptible. Symptomatic plants were collected from Jiaxian and Xiangcheng counties and samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus Y (PVY), and Potato virus X (PVX). Of 65 samples tested, 21 were positive for only PVY, 16 positive for only CMV, one each was positive for only TMV or PVX. Nineteen samples were doubly infected with various combinations of these viruses and six were infected with combinations of three viruses. The causal agent(s) in the remaining sample could not be determined. In total, CMV was detected in 40 samples, PVY in 38, PVX in 10, and TMV in 7 samples. TMV and CMV used to be the most important viruses and PVY occurred only rarely. But PVY has become prevalent in Henan and in neighboring Shandong province (2). CMV and TMV were reported to be the most prevalent viruses in Shanxi (1) and Fujian Provinces (3). Because resistant varieties are not available, and mixed infections are more common, the results presented here explain why huge damage is occurring in tobacco crops in recent years. Some varieties are partially resistant to TMV and CMV but the varieties commonly grown are highly susceptible to PVY. Therefore, breeding for resistance to viruses, especially to PVY, is urgent to control the occurrence of tobacco viral diseases. References: (1) J. L. Cheng et al. Acta Tabacaria Sin. 4:43, 1998. (2) J. B. Wang et al. Chinese Tobacco Sci. 1:26, 1998. (3) L. H. Xie et al. Acta Tabacaria Sin. 2:25, 1994.

scholarly journals Allamanda Mosaic Caused by Cucumber mosaic virus in Taiwan

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. Chen ◽  
C. C. Yang ◽  
H. T. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Indicator Plants

Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica L., family Apocynaceae) is native to Brazil and is a popular perennial shrub or vine ornamental in Taiwan. Plants showing severe mosaic, rugosity, and leaf distortion symptoms on leaves are common in commercial nurseries and private gardens. Examination of crude sap prepared from symptomatic leaves using an electron microscope revealed the presence of spherical virus particles with a diameter of approximately 28 nm. The virus was mechanically transmitted to indicator plants and induced symptoms similar to those incited by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The virus caused local lesions on inoculated leaves of Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaranticolor and systemic mosaic in Cucumis sativus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. glutinosa, N. rustica, and N. tabacum. On N. tabacum, necrotic ringspots developed on inoculated leaves followed by systemic mosaic. Tests of leaf sap extracted from naturally infected allamanda and inoculated indicator plants using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were positive to rabbit antiserum prepared to CMV. Viral coat protein on transblots of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reacted with CMV subgroup I specific monoclonal antibodies (2). With primers specific to the 3′-half of RNA 3 (1), amplicons of an expected size (1,115 bp) were obtained in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using total RNA extracted from infected allamanda and N. benthamiana. The amplified fragment (EMBL Accession No. AJ871492) was cloned and sequenced. It encompasses the 3′ part of the intergenic region of RNA 3 (158 nt), CP ORF (657 nt), and 3′ NTR (300 nt) showing 91.8–98.9% and 71.4–72.8% identities to those of CMV in subgroups I and II, respectively. Results of MspI-digested restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the RT-PCR fragment and the nucleotide sequence analysis indicate that the CMV isolate from allamanda belongs to subgroup IB, which is predominant on the island. To our knowledge, CMV is the only reported virus that infects allamanda and was first detected in Brazil (3), and this is the first report of CMV infection in allamanda plants occurring in Taiwan. References: (1) Y. K. Chen et al. Arch. Virol. 146:1631, 2001. (2) H. T. Hsu et al. Phytopathology 90:615, 2000. (3) E. W. Kitajima. Acta. Hortic. 234:451, 1988.

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