Below-ground Herbivory in Carduus nutans (Asteraceae) and the Potential for Biological Control

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. SHEPPARD ◽  
J. -P. AESCHLIMANN ◽  
J. -L. SAGLIOCCO ◽  
J. VITOU
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Below Ground

scholarly journals Entomopathogenic nematodes: can we use the current knowledge on belowground multitrophic interactions in future plant protection programmes? – Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 242-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamarija Jagodič ◽  
Stanislav Trdan ◽  
Žiga Laznik
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Multitrophic Interactions ◽  
Herbivore Attack ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Chemical Stimuli

Plants under herbivore attack emit mixtures of volatiles that can attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are organisms that can be used in the biological control of insect pests. Recent studies have shown that the movement of EPNs is associated with the detection of chemical stimuli from the environment. To date, several compounds that are responsible for the mediation in below ground multitrophic interactions have been identified. In the review, we discuss the use of EPNs in agriculture, the role of belowground volatiles and their use in plant protection programmes.

Establishment of Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Georgia for Control of Musk Thistle

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Buntin ◽  
R. D. Hudson ◽  
T. R. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Release Point ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Initial Release ◽  
Rhinocyllus Conicus

Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich was introduced and successfully established at 21 sites in northern Georgia for biological control of musk thistle, Carduus nutans L. A total of 9,310 adults were released from 1990 through 1992. Releases of reproductively mature adults in the spring were much more successful than summer releases of teneral adults. Progeny were observed in all spring-release sites, and population increases occurred at most sites one and two years after release. Consumption of infested capitula by cattle reduced R. conicus numbers at some sites. After two years, weevils had dispersed up to 0.6 km from the initial release point. Transfer of R. conicus to new sites in Georgia will begin in 1993.

THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 89. Carduus nutans L. and Carduus acanthoides L.

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1053-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. DESROCHERS ◽  
J. F. BAIN ◽  
S. I. WARWICK
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Carduus Acanthoides ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Introduced Weeds

Carduus nutans L. and C. acanthoides L. are introduced weeds, primarily of roadsides, fields and pasturelands. Both species occur in eastern and western Canada with C. nutans more common than C. acanthoides in western Canada. High seed production and germination rate on open soil contribute to the success of the species as weeds, as do the spiny leaves and stems which deter grazing by animals. Mowing or the application of hormone-like herbicides are both effective means of control. Biological control methods have also been used for both species, but have been most successful in the control of C. nutans.Key words: Musk thistle, nodding thistle, plumeless thistle, Carduus spp.

Establishment in Missouri ofRhinocyllus conicusfor the Biological Control of Musk Thistle(Carduus nutans)

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Puttler ◽  
S. H. Long ◽  
E. J. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Rhinocyllus Conicus ◽  
Bracon Mellitor

A weevil,(Rhinocyllus conicusFroelich) was introduced into Missouri in 1975 to aid in reducing populations of musk thistle,(Carduus nutansL.). The weevil was recovered in 1976 from as far as 3.2 km from the release site and 4.8 km in 1977. Infestation levels of flower heads at the release site ranged from 46 to 90%. Native parasites(Bracon mellitorSay) and [Aliolus curculionis(Fitch)] were reared from weevil larvae.

PARASITISM OF RHINOCYLLUS CONICUS FROELICH (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN WYOMING

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 929-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Littlefield
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Parasitic Hymenoptera ◽  
Rhinocyllus Conicus

AbstractRhinocyllus conicus Froelich was introduced into Wyoming in 1975 for the biological control of musk thistle, Carduus nutans L. A survey of 15 release sites was conducted in 1986 to determine parasitism of R. conicus. Eight species of parasitic Hymenoptera were identified. Parasitism of R. conicus infecting the flower heads of musk thistle was low (0.6%), but greater for weevils within the peduncles (17%). Parasitism varied among release sites, ranging from 0.0 to 1.3%, but was not significantly correlated with the duration of weevil establishment.

Field Test of the WeevilHadroplonthus trimaculatusand the FleabeetlePsylliodes chalcomeraAgainst Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans)

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. Dunn ◽  
Gaetano Campobasso
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Biological Control Of Weeds ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Test Plants

This study was conducted to determine if field evaluations could be used to select insects for biological control of musk thistle. Host specificity and larval development of a weevil,Hadroplonthus trimaculatus, and a fleabeetle,Psylliodes chalcomera, were studied in field trials near Rome, Italy, in which insects were allowed free choice of several hosts. Natural populations of these two insects, which do not occur in North America, were exposed to North American species ofCirsium, Carduus, and selected crops. Adult insects and larvae on host plants were identified and counted on test plants from North America and native attraction plants. In addition to infesting musk thistle, weevil adults and larvae were recorded on flodman thistle, wavyleaf thistle, and spinosissimum thistle. Consequently, this insect was not suitable for introduction into North America. The fleabeetle would be satisfactory for biological control since no adults or larvae were recorded onCirsiumspp. or economic plants. These studies show that field trials are a valid method for identifying specific and nonspecific candidate insects for biological control of weeds.

scholarly journals WEED CONTROL OPTIONS IN HILL COUNTRY

1982 ◽  
pp. 196-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Rolston ◽  
M.G. Lambert ◽  
D.A. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Ulex Europaeus ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Control Options ◽  
Control Management

Weed control in hill country requires a combination of biological control, management and herbicides. Gorse (Ulex europaeus) and nodding thistle (Carduus nutans) two important hill country weeds are used as examples. Management factors include, subdivision, pasture competition, stocking rate, grazing management and type of animal. Goats, goat-sheep mixtures, and sheep mob grazed have been found to restrict gorse to acceptable low densities and low heights. Herbicide options include blanket spraying and spot spraying. Clover damage and reductions in nitrogen fixation rates occur with MCPA, 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T. Key Words: gorse, nodding thistle, goats, grazing management, MCPA, 2.4-D, 2,4,5-T, nitrogen fixation.

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