Development of radical awareness at initial learning stage in L2 Chinese: stronger vs. weaker learners of Chinese characters

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Tianxu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Learning Stage ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
L2 Chinese

scholarly journals Dynamic Changes of Arc Expression in Dorsal Striatum of Mice After Self-Administration of Sucrose

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Li ◽  
Jing-Wang Zhao ◽  
Qian Ding ◽  
Cheng Wu ◽  
Wan-Qi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Learning ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Learning Stage ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Molecular Substrates ◽  
Term Maintenance ◽  
Dorsomedial Striatum

Region-specific plasticity in the striatal circuit plays an important role in the development and long-term maintenance of skills and sequential movement procedures. Studies investigating the molecular substrates that contribute to the plasticity changes during motor skill processes have documented a transition in expression from the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) to the dorsolateral striatum (DLS); however, few studies have explored the expression pattern of molecular substrates in the dorsal striatum during progression of instrumental learning. To address this issue, the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) expressions in the subregional dorsal striatum were analyzed during the early and late learning phases of the 10-day sucrose self-administration process. We found that Arc protein is primarily detected in the DMS only in the initial learning stage; however, it is expressed in the DLS during both early and late learning stages. Moreover, Arc expression in the DMS correlated with the number of rewards received later in the training. These data indicated that the Arc expression in subregions of the dorsal striatum shows region-specific transfer and that Arc expression in the DMS contributes to obtaining reward in later learning stage during the process of instrumental learning.

scholarly journals Modeling color naming in bilinguals: Computational mechanisms of crosslinguistic influence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yevgen Matusevych ◽  
Suzanne Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Change ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Learning Stage ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Color Learning ◽  
Crosslinguistic Influence ◽  
Bilingual Learning

When bilingual speakers name stimuli such as colors or objects, their naming patterns can differ from those of monolingual speakers. Three accounts have been proposed to explain these differences – conceptual change, online lexical coactivation, and L1 footprint – yet these have not been empirically evaluated against each other. In this study, we propose a novel computational cognitive model which operationalizes each of these proposals as a mechanism of crosslinguistic influence, such that we can study their individual and combined effects on the model’s behavior. We focus on the domain of color in which we model existing experimental data collected from Navajo and English monolinguals and Navajo–English bilinguals. Our color learning model extends a statistical learning procedure for mixture models to the acquisition of labelled categories, and achieves bilingual learning by maintaining two sets of color categories and associated color words, which are connected in varying ways according to the three crosslinguistic mechanisms. We test the combinations of mechanisms in a color naming task, and analyze the match between the naming patterns of the model and the differences between bilingual and monolingual human speakers. Our results suggest that gradual conceptual change following crosslinguistic transfer at the initial learning stage can best capture the observed differences in human color naming patterns. While lexical coactivation combined with initial transfer can account for some of the empirical data, this mechanism consistently performs less well than that of conceptual change.

A NEW APPROACH FOR RECOGNIZING MULTIFONT CHINESE CHARACTERS USED IN A SPECIAL APPLICATION

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 203-222
Author(s):  
LING-HWEI CHEN ◽  
YEUAN-KUEN LEE
Keyword(s):  
Hough Transform ◽  
Recognition Rate ◽  
Random Model ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Learning Stage ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Error Measure ◽  
Matching Algorithm ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Thinning Process

Many approaches for recognizing all of the 5401 commonly used Chinese characters have been proposed, but they are complex. For some applications such as cheques, receipts, addresses, in Chinese, etc., only a limited set of printed characters is needed, but they are usually require a real time response and a high recognition rate. Based on this reason, here we provide a simpler approach to meet these two requirements. The approach takes horizontal strokes, vertical ones and crossings among these strokes as the character features. A fast modified Hough transform is provided to extract these features, it satisfies an important stroke property that a dotted line must not be a real stroke. In the learning stage, an error measure is defined and an optimal stroke matching algorithm is proposed to establish an accurate random model for each type of characters. In the recognition stage, another error measure is defined and a nearly-optimal matching algorithm is presented to speed up the recognition process. It is worth mentioning that the approach does not use any thinning process. Some experimental results are also provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed recognizer.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Psychological Characteristics of Adaptation in Orphan Students of Initial Learning Stage to Adaptation Potential in Students Brought up in Families

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
V.V. Zamorueva
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Psychological Adaptation ◽  
Psychological Help ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Students ◽  
Learning Stage ◽  
Residential Care Institutions ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Conditions Of Learning

We present a study of psychological characteristics of preadult orphans, their psychological adaptation to the conditions of learning in high school compared to the norm population (students living in family). We assumed that the level of adaptation of the orphan students is significantly smaller than in other students, because of their special life circumstances (maternal deprivation, living in residential care institutions, sometimes bad heredity, lack of life skills in everyday issues, personal problems). The results of the survey of 49 orphan students (26 girls and 23 boys) and 49 first-year students brought up by parents (28 girls and 21 boys), confirmed this hypothesis and allow us to tell that orphan students need special psychological help in the learning process in high school to grow at a personal and professional level.

The Sogdian envoy Maniach and his namesakes in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
Wang Ding
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Chinese Court

AbstractChinese sources document foreign names with phonetic transcriptions and render them in Chinese characters with close, or at least approximate, sound value. Among the Sogdians who were active at the Chinese court of the 6th century there were two persons named He Zhuruo and An Weiruo respectively. The etymology of both names can now be tentatively identified with Maniach, the name which was recorded in a Byzantine source, being that of a Sogdian envoy to Constantinople. Hence the original written form of Zhuruo and Weiruo can be restored with the spelling Moruo. The reason for these misspellings goes back to the graphic similarity of the concerned characters. Some further emendations of similar kinds are also proposed.

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