scholarly journals Measurement of instantaneous Achilles tendon moment arm and force during the stance phase of running

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Giorgos Krikelis ◽  
Matthew T. G. Pain ◽  
Laura-Anne M. Furlong
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Moment Arm

Sources of Error When Measuring Achilles Tendon Mechanics During the Stance Phase of Running

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgos Krikelis ◽  
Matthew T.G. Pain ◽  
Laura-Anne M. Furlong
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Total Error ◽  
Motion Capture Data ◽  
Moment Arm ◽  
Sources Of Error ◽  
Combine Motion ◽  
Tendon Mechanics ◽  
Potential Sources

Abstract In recent years, the use of methods that combine motion capture with ultrasound (MoCapUs) has increased. Although several limitations and individual errors of these methods have been reported, the total error from all the potential sources together has not been estimated. The aim of this study was to establish the total error in the Achilles tendon (AT) measurements, specifically its length (ATL), strain (ATS) and moment arm (ATMA) acquired with MoCapUs during running. The total error from digitising, marker movement, ultrasound calibration and probe rotation errors caused mean ATL error of 4.2 ± 0.6 mm, mean ATMA error of 0.1 ± 0.1 mm, and could potentially alter measured ATS by a mean 2.9 ± 0.2 %. Correcting the calcaneus insertion position (CIP) and properly synchronising ultrasound and motion capture data combined caused ATL and ATMA changes up to 5.4 ± 1.7 mm and 11.6 ± 1.3 mm, respectively. Changes in ATL and ATS due to the CIP correction and synchronisation individually were similar. However, the ATMA change was almost exclusively due to the CIP correction. Finally, if all sources of error were combined, the total ATL error could reach 13.1 mm, the total ATMA error could reach 14.4 mm, and ATS differences could reach up to ± 6.7%. The magnitude such errors emphasises the fact that MoCapUS based AT measurements must be interpreted within the scope of their corresponding errors.

scholarly journals Changes in Achilles tendon moment arm from rest to maximum isometric plantarflexion:in vivoobservations in man

1998 ◽  
Vol 510 (3) ◽  
pp. 977-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantinos N. Maganaris ◽  
Vasilios Baltzopoulos ◽  
Anthony J. Sargeant
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Moment Arm

The contraction-induced increase in Achilles tendon moment arm: A three-dimensional study

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 3226-3231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Hashizume ◽  
Soichiro Iwanuma ◽  
Ryota Akagi ◽  
Hiroaki Kanehisa ◽  
Yasuo Kawakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Moment Arm

scholarly journals Changes in the Plantarflexion Moment Arm of the Achilles Tendon Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011420S0048
Author(s):  
Francesca E. Wade ◽  
Gregory Lewis ◽  
Andrea H. Horne ◽  
Lauren Hickox ◽  
Michael C. Aynardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Total Ankle Arthroplasty ◽  
Moment Arm ◽  
Talar Dome ◽  
Ankle Arthroplasty ◽  
Joint Structure ◽  
Joint Axis ◽  
Mean Differences

Category: Ankle; Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Deficits in ankle joint kinetics following total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) may be attributed to a reduction in the force-generating capacity of ankle joint muscles, but it is also important to consider the alterations to joint structure that may accompany this procedure. One key parameter indicative of joint structure with the potential to be influenced by TAA is the plantarflexion moment arm of the Achilles tendon (ATma). ATma is an indicator of the potential for the tendon force to produce plantarflexion moment that is determined by the three-dimensional line of action of the tendon relative to the ankle joint axis. The purpose of this study was to assess pre-to-post TAA changes in ATma; we hypothesized that pre- and post-TAA moment arms would not be different. Methods: We tested 10 TAA patients (age at surgery: 62.86 +- 9.72 y; height: 1.72 +- 0.08 m; body mass: 97.81 +- 20.89 kg) at pre-operative (˜ 1 mo pre) and post-operative (˜6 mo post) visits. All procedures involving testing of human subjects were approved by the Penn State Hershey Medical Center Institutional Review Board. ATma were measured using a method that combined ultrasound imaging of the tendon with 3D motion tracking of both the ultrasound probe and the ankle joint. The tendon and joint axis were located during trials in which the patients were seated with the knee extended while the ankle joint was voluntarily rotated in the sagittal plane. We also examined sagittal-plane weightbearing radiographs (pre- and post-op) to determine the AP distance from the center of the talar dome to the posterior margin of the calcaneus. Pre- and post-op ATma were compared using a paired t-test and regression. Results: No significant mean differences were found between post-op ATma and pre-op ATma (p = 0.360). Despite this, some patients were found to have large differences between pre- and postoperative ATma. For example, participants 1, 3, and 8 exhibited changes of -54.22%, +64.14% and +123.98% (pre-to-post) respectively (Figure 1). A moderate correlation between pre- and post-op ATma was found (r2 = 0.461, p = 0.031), indicating that only 46.1% of the variance in post-op ATma was explained by pre-op ATma (Figure 1). The normalized AP distance measured from the radiographs did not significantly change on average pre- to post-TAA (p = 0.561), and we found the change in this distance to correlate with the change in ATma (r2 = 0.370, p = 0.062). Conclusion: This is the first investigation of whether TAA alters ATma. Our results supported our hypothesis that pre-operative ATma predicts post-operative ATma. However, our hypothesis is supported only when the mean differences are considered, as there were sizeable differences for individuals. Despite a non-significant average change in ATma following TAA, at the individual level substantial changes in ATma were observed in seven of the 10 patients. Change in ATma was only partly explained by change in the AP position of the talar dome. Change in ATma has potential consequences for function in terms of ankle plantarflexor strength and walking velocity.

In vivo physiological cross-sectional area and specific force are reduced in the gastrocnemius of elderly men

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 1050-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher I. Morse ◽  
Jeanette M. Thom ◽  
Neil D. Reeves ◽  
Karen M. Birch ◽  
Marco V. Narici
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Pennation Angle ◽  
Specific Force ◽  
Plantar Flexor ◽  
Moment Arm ◽  
Plantar Flexors ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Cross Sectional

Sarcopenia and muscle weakness are well-known consequences of aging. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether a decrease in fascicle force (Ff) could be accounted for entirely by muscle atrophy. In vivo physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) and specific force (Ff/PCSA) of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius (GL) muscle were assessed in a group of elderly men [EM, aged 73.8 yr (SD 3.5), height 173.4 cm (SD 4.4), weight 78.4 kg (SD 8.3); means (SD)] and for comparison in a group of young men [YM, aged 25.3 yr (SD 4.4), height 176.4 cm (SD 7.7), weight 79.1 kg (SD 11.9)]. GL muscle volume (Vol) and Achilles tendon moment arm length were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. Pennation angle and fiber fascicle length (Lf) were measured using B-mode ultrasonography during isometric maximum voluntary contraction of the plantar flexors. PCSA was estimated as Vol/Lf. GL Ff was calculated by dividing Achilles tendon force by the cosine of θ, during the interpolation of a supramaximal doublet, and accounting for antagonist activation level (assessed using EMG), Achilles tendon moment arm length, and the relative PCSA of the GL within the plantar flexor group. Voluntary activation of the plantar flexors was lower in the EM than in the YM (86 vs. 98%, respectively, P < 0.05). Compared with the YM, plantar flexor maximal voluntary contraction torque and Ff of the EM were lower by 47 and 40%, respectively ( P < 0.01). Both Vol and PCSA were smaller in the EM by 28% ( P < 0.01) and 16% ( P < 0.05), respectively. Also, pennation angle was 12% smaller in the EM, whereas there was no significant difference in Lf between the YM and EM. After accounting for differences in agonists and antagonists activation, the Ff/PCSA of the EM was 30% lower than that of the YM ( P < 0.01). These findings demonstrate that the loss of muscle strength with aging may be explained not only by a reduction in voluntary drive to the muscle, but mostly by a decrease in intrinsic muscle force. This phenomenon may possibly be due to a reduction in single-fiber specific tension.

Achilles Tendon Moment Arms Computed Using Ultrasound and Motion Analysis: In Vivo Estimates for Male Subjects

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin D. Cowder ◽  
Thomas S. Buchanan ◽  
Kurt T. Manal
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Hybrid Method ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Moment Arm ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
Male Subjects

Accurate estimates for Achilles tendon moment arm (MA) are essential when computing gastroc-soleus force from the net plantarflexion moment. Errors in approximating the Achilles tendon MA will adversely affect the muscle force estimate. We have noted that Achilles tendon MAs reported by Maganaris [1] and others are significantly greater (> 1 cm) than values used by Delp et al. computed using SIMM [2]. It is important to note that the stature of Delp’s lower limb model was almost identical to the average weight and height of the subjects in a study by Maganaris. This led us to question which MA profiles were more anatomically meaningful. To address this, we calculated Achilles tendon MAs for 10 male subjects using a previously described method. The method combines ultrasound and video-based motion capture, and referred to as the hybrid method. Subjects in our study were chosen to ensure they were of a similar stature to those tested by Maganaris, thereby minimizing confounding effects of subject anthropometrics.

scholarly journals Effects of Achilles Tendon Moment Arm Length on Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 6631
Author(s):  
Takuma Miyamoto ◽  
Yasushi Shinohara ◽  
Tomohiro Matsui ◽  
Hiroaki Kurokawa ◽  
Akira Taniguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Achilles Tendinopathy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Moment Arm ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Suture Bridge ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy ◽  
Suture Bridge Technique

Insertional Achilles tendinopathy (IAT) is caused by traction force of the tendon. The effectiveness of the suture bridge technique in correcting it is unknown. We examined the moment arm in patients with IAT before and after surgery using the suture bridge technique, in comparison to that of healthy individuals. We hypothesized that the suture bridge method influences the moment arm length. An IAT group comprising 10 feet belonging to 8 patients requiring surgical treatment for IAT were followed up postoperatively and compared with a control group comprising 15 feet of 15 healthy individuals with no ankle complaints or history of trauma or surgery. The ratio of the moment arm (MA) length/foot length was found to be statistically significant between the control group, the IAT group preoperatively and the IAT group postoperatively (p < 0.01). Despite no significant difference in the force between the control and preoperative IAT groups, a significantly higher force to the Achilles tendon was observed in the IAT group postoperatively compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that a long moment arm may be one of the causes of IAT, and the suture bridge technique may reduce the Achilles tendon moment arm.

The effect of foot type on the Achilles tendon moment arm and biomechanics

The Foot ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manja Deforth ◽  
Lukas Zwicky ◽  
Tamara Horn ◽  
Beat Hintermann
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Moment Arm
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