Why Can People Effectively Access Remote Associations? Eye Movements during Chinese Remote Associates Problem Solving

The results of two experiments, in which participants solved constructive tasks of the puzzle type, are reported. The tasks were solved by two partners who shared the same visual environment hut whose knowledge of the situation and ability to change it to reach a solution were different. One of the partners — the "expert" — knew the solution in detail but had no means of acting on this information. The second partner — the "novice " — could act to achieve the goal, but knew very little about the solution. The partners were free to communicate verbally. In one third of the trials of the first experiment, in addition to verbal communication, the eye fixations of the expert were projected onto the working space of the novice. In another condition the expert could use a mouse to show the novice relevant parts of the task configuration. Both methods of facilitating the 'joint attention' state of the partners improved their performance. The nature of the dialogues as well as the parameters of the eye movements changed. In the second experiment the direction of the gaze-position data transfer was reversed, from the novice to the expert. This also led to a significant increase in the efficiency of the distributed problem solving.

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Eye-Movements during Unit-Task Execution in a Complex Problem-Solving Situation

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193120004401113 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 44 (11) ◽

pp. 378-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Myeong-Ho Sohn ◽

Scott A. Douglass ◽

Mon-Chu Chen ◽

John R. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Problem Solving ◽

Task Analysis ◽

Cognitive Process ◽

Complex Problem ◽

Complex Problem Solving ◽

Task Execution ◽

Eye Fixations ◽

Available Information ◽

Selection Of

We have studied the performance of subjects as they acquired skill in the Georgia Tech Aegis Simulation Program (GT-ASP) with a particular focus on their eye movements. Our task analysis showed that the GT-ASP breaks down into the selection of unit tasks and the execution of these unit tasks. We focused on the Identification unit-task. Our results showed that most of the practice benefit in Identification came from increasing efficiency during cognitive process, in which people make inferences and decisions on the basis of the currently available information. We also analyzed eye fixations when people perform this unit-task. Participants showed different fixation patterns, depending on what portion of the unit-task was being executed. Fluency in a dynamic complex problem-solving seems to be achieved by efficiency in cognitive as well as perceptual processes.

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PROBLEM SOLVING BY EXPERTS AND NOVICES IN CHEMISTRY: ANALYSIS OF ERRORS, RUN TIMES AND PARAMETERS OF EYE MOVEMENTS

Moscow University Psychology Bulletin ◽

10.11621/vsp.2021.02.13 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 281-313

Author(s):

Irina V. Blinnikova ◽

Yulia A. Ishmuratova Ishmuratova

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Problem Solving ◽

Cognitive Processing ◽

Video Recording ◽

Cognitive Structure ◽

Professional Experience ◽

Metacognitive Skills ◽

Run Time ◽

Process Diagrams ◽

Movement Differences

Background. Professional experience is one of the most discussed problems in modern labor psychology. Researchers are trying to expose and describe the system of cognitive and metacognitive skills and abilities, which gives an advantage to experienced professionals. However, there is still a sufficient number of contradictions and unexplored aspects. The aim of the study is to identify specific features of problem solving by chemists at different levels of professional experience by analyzing performance indicators and eye movements. Techniques and sampling. The pilot study involved 35 experts and novices in the field of chemistry. They were asked to read descriptions, find errors and fill in gaps in chemical process diagrams. The tasks were based on technological regulations for the production of chemical products. We recorded the run time, errors and indicators of eye movements with the SMI Hi-Speed contactless video recording system with a 1200 Hz frequency. The results showed that the run time and the number of errors were significantly lower for experts than for novices. In addition, the two groups featured significant differences in the average duration of blinking, indicating a higher emotional stress among novices. Other eye movement differences demonstrated that experts tend to favor focal type of cognitive processing. This is revealed in longer fixations, short and slow saccades. Also, the experts were characterized by an uneven distribution of attention and cognitive efforts relative to different parts of the task and by a smaller number of transitions between them. The general analysis showed that experts, solving problems, rely more on mental representations and previous knowledge, while novices are guided by the information presented on the slides. Conclusions. The data demonstrate the superiority of experts in solving chemical problems and reveal the cognitive structure of professional experience.

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Alpha and Problem Solving: A Demonstration

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1973.36.3.905 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 905-906 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

John L. Andreassi

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Problem Solving ◽

Alpha Activity ◽

Mental Activity ◽

Problem Solution ◽

The Right

A significantly greater amount of alpha activity occurred during rest than problem solution. No difference in alpha activity was recorded from over the right and left occipital hemispheres during problem solving. There were significantly more eye movements during mental activity than during rest.

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Conjugate Lateral Eye Movement and Latency of Verbal Response to Arithmetic Questions

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1975.40.2.647 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 647-650 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Leo M. Croghan ◽

P. Carol Bullard

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Problem Solving ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Verbal Response ◽

Arithmetic Problem ◽

Mixed Group ◽

Speed Of Response ◽

Lateral Eye ◽

Left And Right ◽

Post Hoc

24 left movers, 24 right movers and 24 mixed movers, categorized on the basis of their conjugate lateral eye movements, were measured on latency of verbal response to arithmetic questions. The predicted superiority of right movers in speed of response did not occur nor did interference with habitual direction of conjugate lateral eye movement affect results. However, the mixed group took longer to respond to a second series of questions than did the left and right movers. This post hoc finding may indicate inefficient hemispheric competition within the mixed group when subjects are asked to add another task to that of arithmetic problem-solving.

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