Evidence for water temperature increase in Lake George, NY: impact on growing season duration and degree days

In 11 experiments over 6 seasons the herbicide sethoxydim was applied to Machete, Spear and Blade wheat cultivars in the absence or near absence of weeds (10 sites) or where the weeds were controlled by selective herbicides (1 site), in the cropping area north of Adelaide, South Australia. The rates applied included 9-47 g a.i./ha at the 2-3 leaf growth stage and 9-74 g a.i./ha at early tillering. Except for the very long growing season of 1992, there was a highly significant positive linear correlation between the number of degree days in the growing season at each experimental site and relative mean yield increase of these sethoxydim treatments. Yield increases ranged from nil in growing seasons of about 1000 degree days to 32% in a growing season of 1480 degree days, with a median of 8% over the experiments.

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CHLOROGENIC ACID CONTENT OF SUNFLOWER SEED FLOUR AS AFFECTED BY SEEDING AND HARVEST DATE

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps76-146 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 901-905 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D. G. DORRELL

Keyword(s):

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Acid Content ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Sunflower Seed ◽

Growing Season ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Degree Days ◽

Normal Field ◽

Seed Flour ◽

Seeding Date

The effect of seeding date on the chlorogenic acid content of sunflower seed flour was determined by seeding the cultivars Krasnodarets and Peredovik at seven dates, starting on 14 May, over 3 yr. Sequential plantings were made at increments of approximately 70 growing degree days (base = 5.6 C). Plants were harvested at normal field maturity. The time and rate of deposition of chlorogenic acid was determined by harvesting plants at 7-day intervals from 21 to 49 days after flowering. The seeds were dehulled and defatted before determining the chlorogenic acid content of the flour. Chlorogenic acid content declined steadily from an average of 4.22% for the first seeding to 3.30% for the last seeding. About one-half of the total chlorogenic acid was present 21 days after flowering. Deposition continued rapidly for the next 14 days then the level began to stabilize. Delay in seeding tended to shorten the period of vegetative growth and shift the deposition of chlorogenic acid to a cooler portion of the growing season. It is suggested that a combination of these factors caused the reduction in chlorogenic acid content of sunflower flour.

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Timing and rate of bud formation in Pinus resinosa

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b71-257 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 49 (10) ◽

pp. 1821-1832 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Edward Sucoff

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Data ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Pinus Resinosa ◽

Growing Season ◽

Axillary Buds ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Degree Days ◽

Bud Formation ◽

Late Season ◽

Apical Dome

During the 1969 and 1970 growing season buds were collected almost weekly from matched trees in northeastern Minnesota. Cataphyll primordia for the year n + 1 shoot began forming at the time that internodes in the year n shoot started elongating (late April) and continued forming until early September. Primordia for axillary buds started forming about 2 months later and stopped forming at the same time as cataphylls. The size and deposition activity of the apical dome simultaneously increased during the early growing season and decreased during the late season. The maximum rates in July were over nine cataphylls per day.Rate of cataphyll deposition paralleled elongation of the needles on subtending shoots. Forty to fifty percent of the cataphylls had been formed when shoot growth was 95% complete. Although the bulk of the depositions occurred earlier in 1970, when growing degree days were used as the clock, the 2 years were similar.The results provide quantitative data to complement the histologic emphasis of previous studies.

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Spatial Analysis of Climate-Viticulture Indices for the Eastern United States

International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research ◽

10.4018/ijagr.2016100102 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 23-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rosalyn Francine MacCracken ◽

Paul R. Houser

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Spatial Analysis ◽

Growing Season ◽

Climate Indices ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Eastern United States ◽

Degree Days ◽

The Us ◽

Resolution Dataset ◽

Effective Degree

This study characterizes the climate structure in the Eastern United States for suitability of winegrape growth. For this study, the Eastern US is defined as the 44 contiguous Eastern most states. This excludes the premium wine growing states of California, Washington, Oregon and Idaho. For this characterization, a comparative study is performed on the four commonly used climate-viticulture indices (i.e., Average Growing Season Temperature, Growing Degree Days, Heliothermal Index and Biologically Effective Degree Days), and a new climate-viticulture index, the Modified-GSTavg (Mod-GSTavg). This is accomplished using the 1971 – 2000 PRISM 800-meter resolution dataset of climate temperature normal for the study area of 44 states and 62 American Viticultural Areas across the Eastern United States. The results revealed that all the climate indices have similar spatial patterns throughout the US with varying magnitudes and degrees of suitability.

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Effects of Temperature, Concentration, Age, and Algaecides on Phytophthora capsici Zoospore Infectivity

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-1-0054 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 54-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

L. L. Granke ◽

M. K. Hausbeck

Keyword(s):

Water Temperature ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Phytophthora Capsici ◽

Growing Season ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Inoculum Concentration ◽

Pickling Cucumbers ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

Water Treatments ◽

Zoospore Suspension

Controlled laboratory studies were undertaken to determine the effects of water temperature (2, 9, 12, 19, 22, and 32°C), inoculum concentration (1 × 102, 1 × 103, 5 × 103, 1 × 104, 2 × 104, and 4 × 104 zoospores/ml), and zoospore suspension age (0, 1, 3, and 5 days old) on infection of pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) by Phytophthora capsici. Zoospore motility and mortality in response to commercial algaecides were also investigated. Cucumbers became infected at all temperatures tested, except 2°C, and the highest infection incidence was observed for cucumbers incubated in suspensions held at ≥19°C. Fewer fruit (<40% at ≥19°C, 0% at ≤12°C) became infected when water contained 1 × 102 zoospores/ml. Almost 100% of fruit were infected when water contained ≥5 × 103 zoospores/ml at temperatures ≥12°C. While the incidence of fruit infection declined with the zoospore suspension age, infection still occurred when 5-day-old suspensions were used. Commercial algaecides inhibited zoospore motility and caused significant zoospore mortality in laboratory assays, and show promise for treatment of infested irrigation water. Avoidance of infested irrigation water throughout the growing season is warranted until effective and economically acceptable water treatments are developed for field use.

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Evidence for thermally mediated settlement in lobster larvae (Homarus americanus)

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/cjfas-2013-0060 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 70 (11) ◽

pp. 1641-1649 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Eric R. Annis ◽

Carl J. Wilson ◽

Robert Russell ◽

Philip O. Yund

Keyword(s):

Water Temperature ◽

Settlement Patterns ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Homarus Americanus ◽

Size Increase ◽

Coastal Current ◽

Bottom Temperature ◽

Degree Days ◽

Successful Recruitment ◽

Behavioral Avoidance

We examined the potential for bottom temperatures ≤12 °C to inhibit successful recruitment of planktonic lobster postlarvae to the benthos. In laboratory trials, postlarvae held at 11 °C exhibited higher mortality, slower development, and reduced size increase at molt relative to postlarvae held at 13 °C. We sampled at field sites within Machias Bay, Maine (mean bottom temperature 12.39 °C, 46.1 degree-days ≥12 °C) and at the mouth of the bay (mean bottom temperature 11.57 °C, 5.1 degree-days ≥12 °C), where temperature was influenced by the cold Eastern Maine Coastal Current (EMCC). We found significantly higher settlement at the warm inshore site but, the abundance of competent planktonic postlarvae was not significantly different between sites, indicating a disconnect between postlarval abundance and settlement. Regional sampling of newly settled lobsters revealed a pattern of higher settlement at inshore sites extending across a broader coastal region impacted by the EMCC. Our results suggest that small differences in water temperature may shape settlement patterns through either behavioral avoidance of colder settlement sites or elevated postsettlement mortality of postlarvae settling at colder sites.

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Long-Term Trends in Air Temperature Distribution and Extremes, Growing Degree‐Days, and Spring and Fall Frosts for Climate Impact Assessments on Agricultural Practices in Nebraska

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ◽

10.1175/jamc-d-11-0146.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 51 (11) ◽

pp. 2060-2073 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Kari E. Skaggs ◽

Suat Irmak

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Central City ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Growing Season ◽

Growing Degree Days ◽

Degree Days ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Growing Season Length ◽

Average Maximum

AbstractAir temperature influences agricultural practices and production outcomes, making detailed quantifications of temperature changes necessary for potential positive and negative effects on agricultural management practices to be exploited or mitigated. Temperature trends of long-term data for five agricultural locations, ranging from the subhumid eastern to the semiarid western parts of Nebraska, were studied to determine local temperature changes and their potential effects on agricultural practices. The study quantified trends in annual and monthly average maximum and minimum air temperature (Tmax and Tmin), daily temperature range (DTR), total growing degree-days, extreme temperatures, growing‐season dates and lengths, and temperature distributions for five heavily agricultural areas of Nebraska: Alliance, Central City, Culbertson, Fremont, and Hastings. July and August were the months with the greatest decreases in Tmax for the central part of Nebraska—Culbertson, Hastings, and Central City. Alliance, Culbertson, and Fremont had year-round decreases in DTR. Central City and Hastings experienced growing‐season decreases in DTR. Increases in growing‐season length occurred at rates of 14.3, 16.7, and 11.9 days century−1 for Alliance, Central City, and Fremont, respectively. At Hastings, moderately earlier last spring frost (LS) at a rate of 6.6 days century−1 was offset by an earlier (2.7 days century−1) first fall frost (FF), resulting in only a 3.8 days century−1 longer growing season. There were only slight changes in LS and FF dates of around 2 days earlier and 1 day later per century, respectively, for Culbertson.

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Study on the Impact of Water Environmental Factors on Dominant Species of Phytoplankton around the Power Plant in Xiangshan Bay

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3371 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 610-613 ◽

pp. 3371-3374 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hong Yang ◽

Ying Zhao ◽

Hui Rong Zhang ◽

Gui Xiang Dai ◽

Jun Ding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Statistical Model ◽

Water Temperature ◽

Temperature Increase ◽

Dominant Species ◽

Thermal Discharge ◽

Xiangshan Bay ◽

The Impact ◽

Growth And Reproduction

The SPSS19.0 software was used to analyse the data of enclosure experiments last for 7 days in summer of 2011. Water temperature increase as a factor to establish the statistical model, and the response relation of thermal discharge warming and Coscinodiscus Jonesianus biomass was analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that, it would promote Coscinodiscus Jonesianus growth and reproduction with the water warming at 0.2°C to 0.79°C , which would be restrained at the water warming at 0.8°C to 2.0°C. When the water temperature increase 0.1°C, 0.4°C and 0.7°Cwill respectively result in Coscinodiscus Jonesianus biomass grow 216.12%, 72.87% and 15.05%. While the water temperature increase 1.0°C, 1.5°C and 2.0°C will respectively result in Coscinodiscus Jonesianus biomass reduce 6.38%, 17.95% and 26.17%.

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Female gametophyte and embryo development of black spruce along a shore-hinterland climatic gradient of a recently created reservoir, northern Quebec

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b98-198 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 61-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Luc Sirois ◽

Yves Bégin ◽

Johanne Parent

Keyword(s):

Embryo Development ◽

Picea Mariana ◽

Female Gametophyte ◽

Black Spruce ◽

Growing Season ◽

Seed Maturation ◽

Cooling Effect ◽

Sigmoid Function ◽

Embryo Maturation ◽

Degree Days

The development of female gametophytes and embryos in relation to cumulative growing degree-days was followed to see if the postulated cooling influence of the Robert-Bourassa reservoir (LG2, northern Quebec) slowed the reproductive process of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). During the 1996 growing season, three to five developing seed cones were harvested 11 times on nine trees distributed along a shore-hinterland gradient of the northern shore of the reservoir. The daily thermal sum (degree-days > 5°C) in the seed cone zone of the same trees was also monitored to describe the female gametophyte and embryo development of this species as a function of heat sum. The 23 developmental stages identified in this study confirm that the female gametophyte and embryo of P. mariana develop according to the same pattern exhibited by other Picea spp. These stages, although unequal in duration, succeeded each other according to a sigmoid function of the temperature sum. Direct temperature measurements taken 0, 25, and 100 m from the shore of the Robert-Bourassa reservoir suggest the interior trees experienced 107 more degree-days > 5°C than the shoreline trees during seed maturation. Although gametophyte development of the shoreline trees was delayed early in the growing season (Kruskall-Wallis, p = 0.05), this delay does not persist afterward. Despite the net cooling effect of the Robert-Bourassa reservoir, all studied trees achieved embryo maturation in 1996. During this growing season, the warmest since 1977, it took embryos 800-940 degree-days to mature. The shoreline trees reached this temperature threshold later than interior trees. It is suggested that the cooling effect of the Robert-Bourassa reservoir could contribute to the inhibition of embryo maturation in shoreline trees during growing seasons with less than 800 degree-days.Key words: black spruce, climate change, cone development, northern boreal forests, Picea mariana, seed maturation.

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Spring breeding of a northern temperate crayfish, Orconectes rusticus

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z82-339 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 60 (11) ◽

pp. 2641-2645 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Michael Berrill ◽

Michael Arsenault

Keyword(s):

Water Temperature ◽

Temperature Increase ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Breeding Period ◽

Orconectes Rusticus ◽

Southern Ontario ◽

Males And Females ◽

Sexually Mature

In southern Ontario in the springs of 1980, 1981, and 1982 the crayfish Orconectes rusticus bred explosively when water temperatures rose above 4 °C. Copulations occurred frequently as sexually mature males and females wandered over the substrate at night. Males fought with each other and interrupted copulating pairs. In 1980 and 1981, females began to sequester themselves and extrude their eggs 11–12 days after copulations began. Males then gradually wandered and fought less, began feeding, and the breeding period ended approximately 4 weeks after the initiation of frequent copulations. In 1982, a delayed spring resulted in a far shorter breeding period. Laboratory experiments indicated that although a rise in water temperature initiated breeding events, including egg extrusion, the degree of necessary temperature increase may be inversely correlated with the duration of lengthening photoperiod to which females are exposed. Females which did not copulate in spring extruded eggs which were mostly infertile, emphasizing the importance of spring copulation in this northern orconectid.

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