Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) in Apuí, Southern Amazonas: Challenges and Caveats Related to Land Tenure and Governance in the Brazilian Amazon

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 445-468
Author(s):  
Mariano C. Cenamo ◽  
Gabriel C. Carrero
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Forest Degradation

scholarly journals Beyond Deforestation: Carbon Emissions From Land Grabbing and Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne Kruid ◽  
Marcia N. Macedo ◽  
Seth R. Gorelik ◽  
Wayne Walker ◽  
Paulo Moutinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Land Grabbing ◽  
Carbon Losses ◽  
Public Forests

Carbon losses from forest degradation and disturbances are significant and growing sources of emissions in the Brazilian Amazon. Between 2003 and 2019, degradation and disturbance accounted for 44% of forest carbon losses in the region, compared with 56% from deforestation (forest clearing). We found that land tenure played a decisive role in explaining these carbon losses, with Undesignated Public Forests and Other Lands (e.g., private properties) accounting for the majority (82%) of losses during the study period. Illegal deforestation and land grabbing in Undesignated Public Forests widespread and increasingly are important drivers of forest carbon emissions from the region. In contrast, indigenous Territories and Protected Natural Areas had the lowest emissions, demonstrating their effectiveness in preventing deforestation and maintaining carbon stocks. These trends underscore the urgent need to develop reliable systems for monitoring and reporting on carbon losses from forest degradation and disturbance. Together with improved governance, such actions will be crucial for Brazil to reduce pressure on standing forests; strengthen Indigenous land rights; and design effective climate mitigation strategies needed to achieve its national and international climate commitments.

Carbon loss from forest degradation exceeds that from deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanwei Qin ◽  
Xiangming Xiao ◽  
Jean-Pierre Wigneron ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Martin Brandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Carbon Loss

Assessing the Causes of Tropical Forest Degradation Using Landsat Time Series: A Case Study in the Brazilian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Betbeder ◽  
Damien Arvor ◽  
Lilian Blanc ◽  
Guillaume Cornu ◽  
Clement Bourgoin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Forest Degradation

scholarly journals Discourses of FLEGT and REDD + Regimes in Cameroon: A Nongovernmental Organization and International Development Agency Perspectives

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Mbatu
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Environmental Negotiations ◽  
Critical Issues

This paper applies the international environmental negotiations framework (IENF) and the multiple streams framework (MSF) to analyze the influence of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) and International Development Agencies (IDAs) in the development and implementation of the Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade agreement (FLEGT) and the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) regimes in Cameroon. Deforestation, forest degradation, and illegal logging are critical issues in forest management in many forest-rich countries around the world. In attempt to curtail illegal logging, global forest governance in the past few years has witnessed the development of a number of timber legality regimes including FLEGT. In the same light, the international community has recently seen the emergence of the REDD+ regime to fight against global warming and climate change. Based on sixty-eight interviews in Cameroon with representatives of NGOs and IDAs, government officials, the timber industry, and members of forest communities, as well as eleven informal conversations, and more than sixty documents, the paper finds that NGO and IDA influence on the FLEGT and REDD+ regimes in Cameroon has been growing in three areas: stakeholder participation, project development, and institutional development. Thus, the increasing influence of NGOs and IDAs will pave the way for future interventions on social, cultural, economic, and environmental issues, including land tenure, carbon rights, benefit distribution, equity, Free, Prior and Informed consent, legality, and stakeholder process, related to the FLEGT and REDD+ regimes in Cameroon.

scholarly journals Ten-Year Landsat Classification of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 5493-5513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Souza, Jr ◽  
João Siqueira ◽  
Marcio Sales ◽  
Antônio Fonseca ◽  
Júlia Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Forest Degradation

Modelling fire probability in the Brazilian Amazon using the maximum entropy method

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa G. Fonseca ◽  
Luiz Eduardo O. C. Aragão ◽  
André Lima ◽  
Yosio E. Shimabukuro ◽  
Egidio Arai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Maximum Entropy Method ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
Monthly Basis

Fires are both a cause and consequence of important changes in the Amazon region. The development and implementation of better fire management practices and firefighting strategies are important steps to reduce the Amazon ecosystems’ degradation and carbon emissions from land-use change in the region. We extended the application of the maximum entropy method (MaxEnt) to model fire occurrence probability in the Brazilian Amazon on a monthly basis during the 2008 and 2010 fire seasons using fire detection data derived from satellite images. Predictor variables included climatic variables, inhabited and uninhabited protected areas and land-use change maps. Model fit was assessed using the area under the curve (AUC) value (threshold-independent analysis), binomial tests and model sensitivity and specificity (threshold-dependent analysis). Both threshold-independent (AUC = 0.919 ± 0.004) and threshold-dependent evaluation indicate satisfactory model performance. Pasture, annual deforestation and secondary vegetation are the most effective variables for predicting the distribution of the occurrence data. Our results show that MaxEnt may become an important tool to guide on-the-ground decisions on fire prevention actions and firefighting planning more effectively and thus to minimise forest degradation and carbon loss from forest fires in Amazonian ecosystems.

scholarly journals National REDD+ outcompetes gold and logging: the potential of cleaning profit chains.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Overman ◽  
Anthony R Cummings ◽  
Jeffrey B Luzar ◽  
José M V Fragoso
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Forest Damage ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
National Society

While the potential contribution of a nationally implemented program for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) to developing countries’ budgets remains as yet obscure, two general concerns are that REDD+ will i) incentivize land grabbing and ii) remain financially uncompetitive against current commercial forest uses. However, based on data from Guyana’s, United Nations-approved, Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) submission and national documents, we found that i) national REDD+ appears not to place value on forest, but financial penalties on forest damage, and ii) would be competitive when viewed from the perspective of the owner of the natural resources (national society), even against high value commodities such as gold and timber (the country’s main emission drivers), and at an intermediate US$5 carbon price. Hidden by the latter is a very skewed sharing of net revenue between the state and private sector supply chains (~1:99). Weak law enforcement, common across the tropics, enhances skewed sharing, and linked political leverage likely undermines any plans that would interfere with private income streams, including rural development, land tenure and conservation plans. We suggest that government or electorate pressure towards more equitable revenue sharing, i.e. ‘cleaning profit chains’, would both be justified and worthwhile, and unlikely to produce job losses. Investing this homegrown finance in better management and law enforcement of finite natural resources (under REDD+, including forests) could return significant REDD+ income while mitigating climate change and aiding rights of forest-dependent livelihoods. Along with cleaning supply chains and moving commodities out of natural forest areas, assessing and cleaning private profit chains may more generally be a promising approach for REDD+ and climate mitigation goals, along with its many associated social and environmental co-benefits.

scholarly journals National REDD+ outcompetes gold and logging: the potential of cleaning profit chains.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Overman ◽  
Anthony R Cummings ◽  
Jeffrey B Luzar ◽  
José M V Fragoso
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Forest Damage ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
National Society

While the potential contribution of a nationally implemented program for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) to developing countries’ budgets remains as yet obscure, two general concerns are that REDD+ will i) incentivize land grabbing and ii) remain financially uncompetitive against current commercial forest uses. However, based on data from Guyana’s, United Nations-approved, Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) submission and national documents, we found that i) national REDD+ appears not to place value on forest, but financial penalties on forest damage, and ii) would be competitive when viewed from the perspective of the owner of the natural resources (national society), even against high value commodities such as gold and timber (the country’s main emission drivers), and at an intermediate US$5 carbon price. Hidden by the latter is a very skewed sharing of net revenue between the state and private sector supply chains (~1:99). Weak law enforcement, common across the tropics, enhances skewed sharing, and linked political leverage likely undermines any plans that would interfere with private income streams, including rural development, land tenure and conservation plans. We suggest that government or electorate pressure towards more equitable revenue sharing, i.e. ‘cleaning profit chains’, would both be justified and worthwhile, and unlikely to produce job losses. Investing this homegrown finance in better management and law enforcement of finite natural resources (under REDD+, including forests) could return significant REDD+ income while mitigating climate change and aiding rights of forest-dependent livelihoods. Along with cleaning supply chains and moving commodities out of natural forest areas, assessing and cleaning private profit chains may more generally be a promising approach for REDD+ and climate mitigation goals, along with its many associated social and environmental co-benefits.

Smallholder land clearing and the Forest Code in the Brazilian Amazon

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-179
Author(s):  
Stella Z. Schons ◽  
Eirivelton Lima ◽  
Gregory S. Amacher ◽  
Frank Merry
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Selection Problem ◽  
Switching Regression ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Endogenous Switching Regression ◽  
Land Clearing ◽  
Forest Code ◽  
Code Enforcement

AbstractSmall landholders’ contribution to Amazon deforestation in Brazil has been persistent even after government actions have allowed a steep reduction in the overall annual deforestation area since 2004. We investigate land clearing and the incentives to comply versus not to comply with environmental legislation, allowing for selection into compliance or noncompliance due to unobserved perceptions of Forest Code enforcement. Our dynamic land clearing model is empirically tested through an endogenous switching regression method applied to data collected from households in the Transamazon-BR163 region between 2003 and 2014, when Forest Code enforcement supposedly increased. We show that smallholder compliance and noncompliance preferences lead to a selection problem that must be addressed in any land clearing behavior examination. We find that greater marginalization, longer land tenure and transitions to cattle grazing, but not agricultural rents, are major contributors to forest clearance and incentives not to comply with the Forest Code.

scholarly journals Rapid Recent Deforestation Incursion in a Vulnerable Indigenous Land in the Brazilian Amazon and Fire-Driven Emissions of Fine Particulate Aerosol Pollutants

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 829
Author(s):  
Gabriel de Oliveira ◽  
Jing M. Chen ◽  
Guilherme A. V. Mataveli ◽  
Michel E. D. Chaves ◽  
Hugo T. Seixas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Indigenous Land

Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon is related to the use of fire to remove natural vegetation and install crop cultures or pastures. In this study, we evaluated the relation between deforestation, land-use and land-cover (LULC) drivers and fire emissions in the Apyterewa Indigenous Land, Eastern Brazilian Amazon. In addition to the official Brazilian deforestation data, we used a geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) approach to perform the LULC mapping in the Apyterewa Indigenous Land, and the Brazilian biomass burning emission model with fire radiative power (3BEM_FRP) to estimate emitted particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), a primary human health risk. The GEOBIA approach showed a remarkable advancement of deforestation, agreeing with the official deforestation data, and, consequently, the conversion of primary forests to agriculture within the Apyterewa Indigenous Land in the past three years (200 km2), which is clearly associated with an increase in the PM2.5 emissions from fire. Between 2004 and 2016 the annual average emission of PM2.5 was estimated to be 3594 ton year−1, while the most recent interval of 2017–2019 had an average of 6258 ton year−1. This represented an increase of 58% in the annual average of PM2.5 associated with fires for the study period, contributing to respiratory health risks and the air quality crisis in Brazil in late 2019. These results expose an ongoing critical situation of intensifying forest degradation and potential forest collapse, including those due to a savannization forest-climate feedback, within “protected areas” in the Brazilian Amazon. To reverse this scenario, the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices and development of conservation policies to promote forest regrowth in degraded preserves are essential.

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