National REDD+ outcompetes gold and logging: the potential of cleaning profit chains.

While the potential contribution of a nationally implemented program for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) to developing countries’ budgets remains as yet obscure, two general concerns are that REDD+ will i) incentivize land grabbing and ii) remain financially uncompetitive against current commercial forest uses. However, based on data from Guyana’s, United Nations-approved, Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) submission and national documents, we found that i) national REDD+ appears not to place value on forest, but financial penalties on forest damage, and ii) would be competitive when viewed from the perspective of the owner of the natural resources (national society), even against high value commodities such as gold and timber (the country’s main emission drivers), and at an intermediate US$5 carbon price. Hidden by the latter is a very skewed sharing of net revenue between the state and private sector supply chains (~1:99). Weak law enforcement, common across the tropics, enhances skewed sharing, and linked political leverage likely undermines any plans that would interfere with private income streams, including rural development, land tenure and conservation plans. We suggest that government or electorate pressure towards more equitable revenue sharing, i.e. ‘cleaning profit chains’, would both be justified and worthwhile, and unlikely to produce job losses. Investing this homegrown finance in better management and law enforcement of finite natural resources (under REDD+, including forests) could return significant REDD+ income while mitigating climate change and aiding rights of forest-dependent livelihoods. Along with cleaning supply chains and moving commodities out of natural forest areas, assessing and cleaning private profit chains may more generally be a promising approach for REDD+ and climate mitigation goals, along with its many associated social and environmental co-benefits.

Download Full-text

National REDD+ outcompetes gold and logging: the potential of cleaning profit chains.

10.7287/peerj.preprints.26786v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Han Overman ◽

Anthony R Cummings ◽

Jeffrey B Luzar ◽

José MV Fragoso

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Supply Chains ◽

Land Tenure ◽

Forest Degradation ◽

Carbon Price ◽

Forest Damage ◽

Climate Mitigation ◽

Potential Contribution ◽

National Society

While the potential contribution of a nationally implemented program for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) to developing countries’ budgets remains as yet obscure, two general concerns are that REDD+ will i) incentivize land grabbing and ii) remain financially uncompetitive against current commercial forest uses. However, based on data from Guyana’s, United Nations-approved, Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) submission and national documents, we found that i) national REDD+ appears not to place value on forest, but financial penalties on forest damage, and ii) would be competitive when viewed from the perspective of the owner of the natural resources (national society), even against high value commodities such as gold and timber (the country’s main emission drivers), and at an intermediate US$5 carbon price. Hidden by the latter is a very skewed sharing of net revenue between the state and private sector supply chains (~1:99). Weak law enforcement, common across the tropics, enhances skewed sharing, and linked political leverage likely undermines any plans that would interfere with private income streams, including rural development, land tenure and conservation plans. We suggest that government or electorate pressure towards more equitable revenue sharing, i.e. ‘cleaning profit chains’, would both be justified and worthwhile, and unlikely to produce job losses. Investing this homegrown finance in better management and law enforcement of finite natural resources (under REDD+, including forests) could return significant REDD+ income while mitigating climate change and aiding rights of forest-dependent livelihoods. Along with cleaning supply chains and moving commodities out of natural forest areas, assessing and cleaning private profit chains may more generally be a promising approach for REDD+ and climate mitigation goals, along with its many associated social and environmental co-benefits.

Download Full-text

Beyond Deforestation: Carbon Emissions From Land Grabbing and Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change ◽

10.3389/ffgc.2021.645282 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Author(s):

Sanne Kruid ◽

Marcia N. Macedo ◽

Seth R. Gorelik ◽

Wayne Walker ◽

Paulo Moutinho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Tenure ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Brazilian Amazon ◽

Forest Degradation ◽

Forest Carbon ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Climate Mitigation ◽

Land Grabbing ◽

Carbon Losses ◽

Public Forests

Carbon losses from forest degradation and disturbances are significant and growing sources of emissions in the Brazilian Amazon. Between 2003 and 2019, degradation and disturbance accounted for 44% of forest carbon losses in the region, compared with 56% from deforestation (forest clearing). We found that land tenure played a decisive role in explaining these carbon losses, with Undesignated Public Forests and Other Lands (e.g., private properties) accounting for the majority (82%) of losses during the study period. Illegal deforestation and land grabbing in Undesignated Public Forests widespread and increasingly are important drivers of forest carbon emissions from the region. In contrast, indigenous Territories and Protected Natural Areas had the lowest emissions, demonstrating their effectiveness in preventing deforestation and maintaining carbon stocks. These trends underscore the urgent need to develop reliable systems for monitoring and reporting on carbon losses from forest degradation and disturbance. Together with improved governance, such actions will be crucial for Brazil to reduce pressure on standing forests; strengthen Indigenous land rights; and design effective climate mitigation strategies needed to achieve its national and international climate commitments.

Download Full-text

Mangrove ecosystem services and the potential for carbon revenue programmes in Solomon Islands

Environmental Conservation ◽

10.1017/s0376892911000373 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 485-496 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

KIMBERLEY WARREN-RHODES ◽

ANNE-MAREE SCHWARZ ◽

LINDA NG BOYLE ◽

JOELLE ALBERT ◽

STEPHEN SUTI AGALO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ecosystem Services ◽

Land Tenure ◽

Building Materials ◽

Solomon Islands ◽

Mangrove Ecosystem ◽

Climate Mitigation ◽

Religious Denomination ◽

Mitigation And Adaptation ◽

The Pacific ◽

Potential Carbon

SUMMARYMangroves are an imperilled biome whose protection and restoration through payments for ecosystem services (PES) can contribute to improved livelihoods, climate mitigation and adaptation. Interviews with resource users in three Solomon Islands villages suggest a strong reliance upon mangrove goods for subsistence and cash, particularly for firewood, food and building materials. Village-derived economic data indicates a minimum annual subsistence value from mangroves of US$ 345–1501 per household. Fish and nursery habitat and storm protection were widely recognized and highly valued mangrove ecosystem services. All villagers agreed that mangroves were under threat, with firewood overharvesting considered the primary cause. Multivariate analyses revealed village affiliation and religious denomination as the most important factors determining the use and importance of mangrove goods. These factors, together with gender, affected users’ awareness of ecosystem services. The importance placed on mangrove services did not differ significantly by village, religious denomination, gender, age, income, education or occupation. Mangrove ecosystem surveys are useful as tools for raising community awareness and input prior to design of PES systems. Land tenure and marine property rights, and how this complexity may both complicate and facilitate potential carbon credit programmes in the Pacific, are discussed.

Download Full-text

Penegakan dan Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Satwa Kuskus (Phalanger SPP) yang Dilindungi di Kota Ambon

SASI ◽

10.47268/sasi.v25i1.134 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 49

Author(s):

Fikry Latukau

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Case Studies ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Biological Resources ◽

Criminal Sanctions ◽

The Subject

One of the animals favored by people and can be used as food for some people in Ambon City is cuscus (phalanger spp) is one of the long-tailed marsupial mammals and is also a part of natural resources that is priceless so that its sustainability needs to be maintained through various safeguards. In detail, the regulations concerning these animals are regulated in the regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No. 20 of 2018 concerning the types of plants and animals that are protected. Protected animals are animals that have rarely existed and are therefore protected by various regulations. One of the actions which until now still often occurs and violates the rules in protecting animals is used as food (killed) for some people in Ambon City are cuscus (phalanger spp). The killing of wild animals is an act that has violated the provisions contained in Law No. 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Biological Resources and their Ecosystems. Where in article 21 paragraph (2) (a) it has been stated that the prohibition to kill protected animals. In an effort to protect the animals from killing, law enforcement against the trade of protected animals is a process of embodiment of the rules regarding the protection of animals in practice legally in order to realize the goal of protecting protected animals. Research based on normative law research (normative law research) uses normative case studies in the form of legal behavior products, for example reviewing laws. The subject of the study is a law conceptualized as a norm or rule that applies to society and becomes a reference for everyone's behavior. The application of criminal sanctions against some residents of Ambon City who consume cuscus animals (phalanger spp) does not work properly

Download Full-text

Еколого-правове регулювання раціонального використання земельних ресурсів

Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії ◽

10.31210/visnyk2013.01.41 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 168-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

О. О. Одарюк

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Land Management ◽

Land Tenure ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Ecological Factors ◽

Land Resources ◽

Traditional Methods ◽

Information Base ◽

Adverse Action ◽

Territorial Planning

Проведено аналіз підвищення використання природних ресурсів людиною і його вплив на відтворення біорізноманіття. Обґрунтовані переваги еколого-ландшафтного землеустрою в системі територіального планування сільськогосподарського землекористування в порівнянні з традиційними методамиорганізації території. Розглянуто необхідність створення інформаційної бази створення екологічних чинників використання земельних ресурсів. Проаналізовано проблеми використання земель сільськогосподарського призначення в умовах тотального зниження продуктивності та ступінь негативного впливу деградаційних процесів, а також їх вплив на сільськогосподарське виробництво. The analysis of increase of use of natural resources by man and its influence on self-reproduction of biosets is carried out. Advantages of ekologo-landscape land management in system of territorial planning of agricultural land tenure in comparison with traditional methods of the organization of territory are proved. The necessity of creation of information base of formation of ecological factors of use of land resources is considered. The adverse action of degradation processes and their impact on agriculture is analyzed.

Download Full-text

Role of Government Policies in Environmental Management

Research Horizon ◽

10.54518/rh.1.3.2021.86-93 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 86-93

Author(s):

Andriansyah Andriansyah ◽

Endang Sulastri ◽

Evi Satispi

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Environmental Ethics ◽

Environmental Law ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Role Of Government ◽

The Government ◽

Role Of The Government ◽

Land Water

Humans in meeting the needs of their lives need natural resources, in the form of land, water and air, and other natural resources that are included in renewable and non-renewable natural resources. However, it must be realized that the natural resources that humans need have limitations in many ways, namely limitations regarding their availability in quantity and quality. Certain natural resources also have limitations according to space and time. The government needs to take alternative steps to determine the potential and problems in the use of natural resources. The purpose of this study is to find out how the role of the government through its policies in managing the environment. This research uses the descriptive analysis method. The results of the study indicate that the creation of a fair and firm environmental law enforcement to manage natural resources and the environment in a sustainable manner with the support of quality human resources, the expansion of the application of environmental ethics, and socio-cultural assimilation are increasingly stable.

Download Full-text

Discourses of FLEGT and REDD + Regimes in Cameroon: A Nongovernmental Organization and International Development Agency Perspectives

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11020166 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 166 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Richard S. Mbatu

Keyword(s):

International Development ◽

Land Tenure ◽

Stakeholder Participation ◽

Trade Agreement ◽

Institutional Development ◽

Forest Degradation ◽

Illegal Logging ◽

Cultural Economic ◽

Environmental Negotiations ◽

Critical Issues

This paper applies the international environmental negotiations framework (IENF) and the multiple streams framework (MSF) to analyze the influence of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) and International Development Agencies (IDAs) in the development and implementation of the Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade agreement (FLEGT) and the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) regimes in Cameroon. Deforestation, forest degradation, and illegal logging are critical issues in forest management in many forest-rich countries around the world. In attempt to curtail illegal logging, global forest governance in the past few years has witnessed the development of a number of timber legality regimes including FLEGT. In the same light, the international community has recently seen the emergence of the REDD+ regime to fight against global warming and climate change. Based on sixty-eight interviews in Cameroon with representatives of NGOs and IDAs, government officials, the timber industry, and members of forest communities, as well as eleven informal conversations, and more than sixty documents, the paper finds that NGO and IDA influence on the FLEGT and REDD+ regimes in Cameroon has been growing in three areas: stakeholder participation, project development, and institutional development. Thus, the increasing influence of NGOs and IDAs will pave the way for future interventions on social, cultural, economic, and environmental issues, including land tenure, carbon rights, benefit distribution, equity, Free, Prior and Informed consent, legality, and stakeholder process, related to the FLEGT and REDD+ regimes in Cameroon.

Download Full-text

Aiming for Sustainability and Scalability: Community Engagement in Forest Payment Schemes

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11040444 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 444

Author(s):

Laura F. Kowler ◽

Arun Kumar Pratihast ◽

Alonso Pérez Ojeda del Arco ◽

Anne M. Larson ◽

Christelle Braun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Engagement ◽

Indigenous Communities ◽

Forest Degradation ◽

Forest Monitoring ◽

Climate Mitigation ◽

Transfer Program ◽

Community Members ◽

Community Based ◽

Community Monitoring ◽

Payment Schemes

Community-based forest monitoring is seen as a way both to improve community engagement and participation in national environmental payment schemes and climate mitigation priorities and to implement reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and foster conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+). There is a strong assumption among community-based monitoring advocates that community monitoring is a desirable approach. However, it is unclear why community members would want to participate in their own surveillance or be involved in a program likely to limit livelihood uses of forest areas and possibly even sanction them based on the data provided. This paper explores these issues by examining three communities involved in Peru’s Conditional Direct Transfer Program, in which indigenous communities are compensated for protecting communal forests through various mechanisms, including forest monitoring. The case studies focus specifically on communities that received smartphones and were trained in their use for monitoring. The results affirm the importance that benefits outweigh the costs of local participation to sustain motivation. They also point to key factors supporting the legitimacy of the program, specifically to overcome historical tensions between the state and indigenous communities. These include the nature of engagement by program implementers and the importance of building trust over time.

Download Full-text