Ocupação da Terra e Conflitos de Uso com as Áreas de Preservação Permanente Nativa Remanescente de Cerrado na Sub-bacia do Córrego do Veado, Bacia do Alto Taquari, MS

A conservação das florestas é de grande interesse de toda a sociedade, pois garante os serviços ambientais básicos que sustentam a vida e a economia do país. Nesse estudo, realizou-se um diagnóstico do uso da terra e cobertura vegetal visando avaliar os conflitos entre as atividades antrópicas e as áreas de vegetação nativa remanescente de Cerrado na sub-bacia do Córrego do Veado e propor ações de adequação, do ponto de vista da conservação dos recursos naturais e da biodiversidade, com base na legislação pertinente e nas características físicas da bacia. O estudo se baseou em imagens orbitais e dados vetoriais, processados em Sistema de Informação Geográfica para a geração de produtos cartográficos. Na bacia, foram registradas 81 propriedades rurais, a maioria composta de imóveis com menos de quatro módulos fiscais, onde a principal forma de uso da terra foi a Pastagem sobre áreas consolidadas. A bacia contém em torno de 20% da área coberta por vegetação nativa de Cerrado, porém grande parte das propriedades não apresenta área de Reserva Legal e muitas nascentes de afluentes e do Córrego encontram-se degradadas. As ações propostas referem-se à recuperação das faixas de vegetação ciliar que descumprem o mínimo de largura estabelecido pela legislação, e das áreas de Reserva Legal; à readequação do uso em áreas voltadas à conservação da biodiversidade e à avaliação do potencial turístico da região, como forma de uso sustentável em áreas com alta declividade, solos altamente erodíveis e onde a vegetação de Cerrado encontra-se preservada. The conservation of forests is of great interest to all of society, as it guarantees the basic environmental services that support the life and economy of the country. In this study, a diagnosis of land use and vegetation cover was carried out in order to assess the conflicts between human activities and the areas of native Cerrado remnant in the sub-basin of the Córrego do Veado and propose adaptation actions, from the point of view of the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity, based on the legislation and the physical characteristics of the basin. The study was based on orbital images and vector data, processed in a Geographic Information System for the generation of cartographic products. In the basin, 81 rural properties were registered, the majority consisting of properties with less than four fiscal modules, where the main form of land use was Pasture over consolidated areas. The basin contains around 20% of the area covered by native Cerrado vegetation, however most of the properties do not have a Legal Reserve area and many tributary and stream springs are degraded. The proposed actions refer to the recovery of the strips of riparian vegetation that do not comply with the minimum width established by the legislation, and the areas of Legal Reserve; the readjustment of use in areas aimed at the conservation of biodiversity and the evaluation of the tourist potential of the region, as a form of sustainable use in areas with high declivity, highly erodible soils and where the Cerrado vegetation is preserved.Keywords:River Basin, Conservation, Ecosystem Service, Forest Code.

DISTINCTION OF POWERS BETWEEN THE STATE AUTHORITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND SUBJECTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE FIELD OF FOREST RELATIONS

The purpose of the research is to improve the legislation on the delimitation of powers in the field of forest relations between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and its subjects. In the course of research, the method of system-legal analysis of regulatory legal acts was applied. As a result, proposals have been developed to amend Articles 81-83 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation. The introduction of a mechanism for delineating powers in the field of forest relations by the federal and regional levels of government will eliminate legislative gaps and contradictions.

Measures to improve compensatory reforestation

Based on the materials of long-term research of departmental materials and production experience, an attempt was made to analyze the possibility of implementing the Russian Federation Government decree of May 7, 2019 № 566 «On the approval of the rules for performing reforestation or afforestation by persons using forests in accordance with Article 43–46 of the Forest code of the Russian Federation and by persons who have applied for an application to change the designated purpose of the forest area». It is noted that, despite the timeliness of the Russian Federation government resolution it does not fully comply with the regional conditions of a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and in particular the Khanty-Mansiisk Autonomous district — Yugra. In areas of oil and gas production, carrying out compensatory measures by creating forest plantations using ball-rooted seedlings on hard to reach burnt areas and in dead plantations will lead to unreasonably high costs for reforestation and the lack of agrotechnical and silvicultural care will result in the death of forest crops as well as discredit the compensatory measures. Considering some work experience on compensatory reforestation in the Khanty-Mansiisk Autonomous district — Yugra the suggestions were made to improve the compensatory measures.

Organizational, Economic, and Strategic Aspects of Capitalization of Multipurpose Forest Industries

Introduction. The present article forecasts the organizational, economic, and strategic aspects of the multifunctional forestry capitalization in the Kemerovo region aka Kuzbass. The authors analyzed the current Russian laws in order to answer the following question: is multi-purpose forest utilization able to ensure the rights and interests of all its participants, while providing legal means to resolve various related issues? Study objects and methods. The research featured the legal norms in the field of forest, wildlife, and subsoil utilization. The authors assessed their ability to guarantee sustainable use of natural resources while protecting the rights and legitimate interests of forest users. The study was based on general standard methods of cognition and special legal methods. Results and discussion. Hunting is regulated by hunting sector agreements. The Forest Code and the Hunting Law of the Russian Federation do not prohibit or restrict other types of forest utilization of hunting grounds. Most Western European countries link land ownership to hunting rights, which makes landowners liable for damage caused by hunting and obliged to protect the local fauna. Conclusion. Russian legislation does not provide for direct conciliation and compensation mechanisms in cases a part of hunting ground is used for other purposes, e.g. mining. Russian legislation needs legal termination procedures for hunting sector agreements and compensation rules in case a land plot was seized from hunting providers for subsoil use.

People’s Voices on the Sustainable Forest Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Since the early 2000s, the Democratic Republic of Congo has been conducting a reform of its forestry sector with the publication of The Forest Code (2002). The implementation of this law, which aims to assure the participation of all stakeholders, has been evolving slowly since then. The present research aims to evaluate the knowledge local communities and indigenous people detain over the ongoing reform, and the expectations they created when negotiations over the implementation of industrial harvesting activities in their traditional territories began. By interviewing local people, we came to understand that insufficient knowledge regardin the law gathers with a lack of concern towards ecological or environmental matters and with the need of seeing basic needs satisfied; all this in a context in which different stakeholders’ responsibilities and negotiational terms are often misunderstood.

Commons as Traditional Means of Sustainably Managing Forests and Pastures in Olt Land (Romania)

The compossessorates in Transylvania (Romania) are traditional varieties of commons. During the inter-war period two types of compossessorates were most common in the Olt Land, between the Olt River and the Southern Carpathians: those of the former boyars and the ones owned by the former serfs. An analysis of the 1904 Austro-Hungarian Regulation on the organization and management of the commons, of the 1910 Romanian Forest Code that was implemented in Transylvania after 1918, and of the by-laws of compossessorates, derived from the aforementioned documents, unveils the concern of both legislators and members of compossessorates for the preservation, balanced exploitation and regeneration of the forest fund and their focus on sustainable management of forests. The compossessorates were disbanded upon the instauration of the communist regime in Romania and re-established after 1989. Nowadays, compossessorates in the Olt Land continue the local tradition of sustainably managing the forests and the pastures. Their activity in this regard can be improved. Collaboration of the communal schools and the university with the compossessorates, the use of the Internet to promote their image and the involvement of NGOs in their support would be effective in this respect.

Brazilian forest code: Advances and setbacks

In a scenario of expansion of agricultural frontiers, based on the production of grain and other commodities, Brazil today lives in a privileged position when it comes to the production and productivity of various agricultural crops and livestock. However we can see that developments in the legislative system often do not keep pace with anthropic action, which makes the degradation of the natural environment potentially disturbing. The evolution in jurisprudence has to occur concisely and quickly based on landscape parameters, and from the perspective of the technique, with a holistic behavior focused on the actions of preservation and conservation of natural resources. Forests are indispensable systems in the process of 'water generation', contributing significantly to the dynamics of the hydrological cycle, a complex and fundamental mechanism for the maintenance and regulation of life on earth. In this sense, the objective of this article is to explain some environmental, technical and legislative aspects related to the Forest Codes that were in force in Brazil, analyzing its historical relevance, flaws and finally major changes. Its preparation was based on articles, books and materials available online from the available knowledge bases. A broad revision was carried out including the Magna Carta in addition to the laws that deal with the Brazilian Forest Code, in its three versions of 1934, 1965 and 2012. As articulated considerations it can be verified that despite the evolution in the form of proposition of the current law, some modifications still need to be made, considering that the current Forest Code contains residual political and economic sequelae that neglect the socio-environmental character, and that even after the adoption of its latest version, severe damage is still being caused to the natural environment, which requires greater commitment from regulators to enforce legislation

Degraded pastures in Brazil: improving livestock production and forest restoration

Degraded pasture is a major liability in Brazilian agriculture, but restoration and recovery efforts could turn this area into a new frontier to both agricultural yield expansion and forest restoration. Currently, rural properties with larger degraded pasture areas are associated with higher levels of technical inefficiency in Brazil. The recovery of 12 million ha of degraded pastures could generate an additional production of 17.7 million bovines while reducing the need for new agricultural land. Regional identification of degraded pastures would facilitate the targeting of agricultural extension and advisory services and rural credit efforts aimed at fostering pasture recovery. Since only 1% of Brazilian municipalities contain 25% of degraded pastures, focusing pasture recovery efforts on this small group of municipalities could generate considerable benefits. More efficient allocation of degraded and native pastures for meat production and forest restoration could provide land enough to fully comply with its Forest Code requirements, while adding 9 million heads to the cattle inventory. Degraded pasture recovery and restoration is a win–win strategy that could boost livestock husbandry and avoid deforestation in Brazil and has to be the priority strategy of agribusiness sector.

PROBLEMS OF RATIONAL USE AND PROTECTION OF FORESTRY LANDS

Society's needs in forest resources are due primarily to protective functions, and secondly to water protection, sanitation and health functions. Forests perform this or that function depending on their location, the area of the territory on which the forests are located and the composition. The article considers the problems of rational use and protection of forest lands. It is determined that the negative impact on forest land is due to intensive use and negative dynamics of the ecological state, as a consequence of improper land use and the impressive scale of deforestation. Industrial production, radiation pollution as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant are the causes of deforestation. It is noted that in accordance with the Constitutions of Ukraine, forests are objects of property rights of the Ukrainian people, but due to mass deforestation, citizens are gradually losing the right to use them. It is noted that the protection and protection of forestry lands in general and forests in particular should be provided in accordance with existing legislation through the implementation of a set of measures, both traditional and new. The use of forests should be carried out exclusively in the order of general and special use in accordance with Art. 66, 67 of the Forest Code of Ukraine. It is proposed to strengthen control over compliance with current legislation in the field of protection of forestry lands and forests and control over land use. Reforestation is carried out on the sites of the felled forest. As part of the implementation of the commitments to achieve zero levels of soil degradation, develop an effective action program to preserve the country's forest resources.

Formation and improvement f organizational and economic bases of forestry production in state forestry in Ukraine and Podillia region

Some issues on the historical formation of Podillia region of modern Ukraine and the formation of forestry in it are covered. It practically begins and acquires social meaning in the second half of the twentieth century. This means the use of land provided to economic entities (forestries) for growing wood as their main forestry product. The same applies to the cultivation and sale of natural resources related to forestry, secondary forest materials, services of various contents, etc. It is highlighted that the Forest Code of Ukraine has cunningly replaced the object of labor and use of the natural resource «Earth» with forest resources. The issues are somewhat complicated by the use of tax indicators and forms of their analysis and publication without their adaptation to the UN-ECE / FAO Standard Statistical Classification of Land Use and without the necessary grouping by forest and environmental components. The Government of Ukraine approves the Resolution «On Approval of the Procedure for Division of Forests into Categories and Allocation of Specially Protected Forest Areas», which does not bring national forest legislation closer to it. In this way, the further growth of non-timber forest lands at least 3 times or more in comparison with the leading European countries was legitimized. The necessity of improving the content of the current Forest Code of Ukraine, as well as finalization and updating of the Instruction on forest management in the state forestry of Ukraine is proved. The availability of statistical and reporting information on the state of forests of the State Forest Agency of Ukraine for state-owned enterprises of the past allows to update the relevant reporting indicators while adapting them to the norms of European forestry. The proposed measures are aimed at improving forest legislation, as well as the formation of measures in the practical activities of forest management and the work of managers using its materials in forestry.