Considerable difficulties and serious complications during operations on the thyroid (thyroid gland) and parathyroid gland (OSG), larynx, cervical trachea and esophagus are caused primarily by their large anatomicalvariability. Purpose of the study. To develop a simulation model of surgical interventions on the neck, taking into account new data on its typical anatomy to improve the quality of life of patients. Material and methods: Somatometry of the neck: 300 men aged 17 to 47 years (22 ± 4 years) and 475 women from 16 to 66 years (21.9 ± 5 years). Topographic-anatomical studies - 426 non-fixed corpses of persons who died suddenly: 290 males who died aged 18 - 83 years (47 ± 12) and 136 - females aged 17 - 85 years (52 ± 16). Clinical studies - in the clinic of faculty surgery S.P. Fedorova VMA from 2013 to 2017: 470 operated patients with thyroid pathology. Results and conclusion. The optimal method of neck somatometry was tested; systematized topographic – anatomical structural features of the thyroid gland and the thyroid gland, VGN, esophagus, trachea, larynx; made anatomical discoveries; proposed new principles for developing a simulation model of operations, taking into account extreme types of variability. A treatment and diagnostic algorithm is proposed for thyroid and thyroid surgery, which minimizes intraoperative and postoperative complications and improves the quality of life of patients.