Cultural differences in mutual gaze during face-to-face interactions: A dual head-mounted eye-tracking study

This paper investigates the perceptions of members of 43 culturally diverse global virtual teams, with respect to team processes and outcomes. Despite widespread acknowledgement of the challenges presented by cultural differences in the context of global teams, little is known about the effect of these differences on team dynamics in the absence of face-to-face interaction. Using a student-based sample, we study the relationship between global virtual team members’ individualistic and collectivistic orientations and their evaluations of trust, interdependence, communication and information sharing, and conflict during the team task. Our results suggest that a collectivist orientation is associated with more favorable impressions regarding global virtual team processes and that cultural differences are not concealed by virtual means of communication.

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Real-World Eye-Tracking in Face-to-Face and Web Modes

Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology ◽

10.1093/jssam/smu010 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 343-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

O. Kaminska ◽

T. Foulsham

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Real World ◽

Face To Face

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Use of machine learning to identify autism with natural social gaze behavior (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.29328 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhong Zhao ◽

Haiming Tang ◽

Xiaobin Zhang ◽

Xingda Qu ◽

Jianping Lu

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Classification Accuracy ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Support Vector ◽

Gaze Behavior ◽

Linear Discriminant ◽

Face To Face ◽

Area Of Interest ◽

Social Gaze

BACKGROUND Abnormal gaze behavior is a prominent feature of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous eye tracking studies had participants watch images (i.e., picture, video and webpage), and the application of machine learning (ML) on these data showed promising results in identify ASD individuals. Given the fact that gaze behavior differs in face-to-face interaction from image viewing tasks, no study has investigated whether natural social gaze behavior could accurately identify ASD. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine whether and what area of interest (AOI)-based features extracted from the natural social gaze behavior could identify ASD. METHODS Both children with ASD and typical development (TD) were eye-tracked when they were engaged in a face-to-face conversation with an interviewer. Four ML classifiers (support vector machine, SVM; linear discriminant analysis, LDA; decision tree, DT; and random forest, RF) were used to determine the maximum classification accuracy and the corresponding features. RESULTS A maximum classification accuracy of 84.62% were achieved with three classifiers (LDA, DT and RF). Results showed that the mouth, but not the eyes AOI, was a powerful feature in detecting ASD. CONCLUSIONS Natural gaze behavior could be leveraged to identify ASD, suggesting that ASD might be objectively screened with eye tracking technology in everyday social interaction. In addition, the comparison between our and previous findings suggests that eye tracking features that could identify ASD might be culture dependent and context sensitive.

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The Effect of Culture on Email Use

Distance Learning and University Effectiveness ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-178-0.ch011 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 213-234

Author(s):

Jonathan Frank ◽

Janet Toland ◽

Karen Schenk

Keyword(s):

Cultural Differences ◽

South Pacific ◽

Cultural Background ◽

The South ◽

Cultural Backgrounds ◽

Business Information Systems ◽

Face To Face ◽

Research Questions ◽

The University ◽

Academic Content

This chapter examines how students from different cultural backgrounds use email to communicate with other students and teachers. The South Pacific region, isolated, vast, and culturally diverse, was selected as an appropriate research environment in which to study the effect of cultural differences and educational technology on distance learning. The context of this research was two competing distance education institutions in Fiji, the University of the South Pacific and Central Queensland University. Three research questions were addressed: Does cultural background affect the extent to which students use email to communicate with educators and other students for academic and social reasons? Does cultural background affect the academic content of email messages? Does cultural background influence students’ preference to ask questions or provide answers using email instead of face-to-face communication? To address these issues, two studies were conducted in parallel. Subjects were drawn from business information systems and computer information technology classes at the University of the South Pacific (USP) and Central Queensland University (CQU). Four hundred students at USP were surveyed about their email usage. In the CQU study, postings to course discussion lists by 867 students were analyzed. The results of these studies suggest that there are significant differences in the use of email by students from different cultural backgrounds.

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Keeping an eye on gestures: Visual perception of gestures in face-to-face communication

Pragmatics & Cognition ◽

10.1075/pc.7.1.04gul ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 35-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Marianne Gullberg ◽

Kenneth Holmqvist

Keyword(s):

Visual Perception ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Visual Channel ◽

Face To Face ◽

Cognitive Attention

Since listeners usually look at the speaker's face, gestural information has to be absorbed through peripheral visual perception. In the literature, it has been suggested that listeners look at gestures under certain circumstances: 1) when the articulation of the gesture is peripheral; 2) when the speech channel is insufficient for comprehension; and 3) when the speaker him- or herself indicates that the gesture is worthy of attention. The research here reported employs eye tracking techniques to study the perception of gestures in face-to-face interaction. The improved control over the listener's visual channel allows us to test the validity of the above claims. We present preliminary findings substantiating claims 1 and 3, and relate them to theoretical proposals in the literature and to the issue of how visual and cognitive attention are related.

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Cultural differences in stigma surrounding schizophrenia: Comparison between Central Europe and North Africa

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.114.154260 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 208 (4) ◽

pp. 389-397 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Matthias C. Angermeyer ◽

Mauro G. Carta ◽

Herbert Matschinger ◽

Aurélie Millier ◽

Tarek Refaï ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cultural Differences ◽

Central Europe ◽

North Africa ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Social Processes ◽

Face To Face ◽

People With Mental Illness ◽

The Social ◽

Beliefs And Attitudes ◽

Close Family

BackgroundExploring cultural differences may improve understanding about the social processes underlying the stigmatisation of people with mental illness.AimsTo compare public beliefs and attitudes about schizophrenia in Central Europe and North Africa.MethodRepresentative national population surveys conducted in Germany (2011) and in Tunisia (2012), using the same interview mode (face to face) and the same fully structured interview.ResultsIn Tunisia, respondents showed a stronger tendency to hold the person with schizophrenia responsible for the condition. At the same time they expressed more prosocial reactions and less fear than their German counterparts. In Germany, the desire for social distance was greater for more distant relationships, whereas in Tunisia this was the case for close, family-related relationships.ConclusionsStigma differs between Tunisia and Germany more in form than in magnitude. It manifests particularly in those social roles which ‘matter most’ to people within a given culture.

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Socioeconomic integration of early professional Hong Kongers in Taipei, Taiwan

Chinese Journal of Sociology ◽

10.1177/2057150x17747507 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 3-29

Author(s):

Lan Hung Nora Chiang ◽

Ping Lin

Keyword(s):

Cultural Differences ◽

White Collar ◽

Cultural Integration ◽

Host Society ◽

Job Market ◽

Marriage And Family ◽

Face To Face ◽

Socioeconomic Integration ◽

Stages Of Economic Development

This study applies the thesis of privileged migration to early Hong Kongers coming to Taiwan since the early 1960s as a case study in ‘North–South’ migration that takes place between regions that are in different stages of economic development. Its focus is on these immigrants’ economic achievements and their social and cultural integration in the host society. Qualitative methods were used to conduct face-to-face interviews with 40 Hong Kongers ranging in age from 39 to 77, most of whom were living in Taipei. They came as overseas Chinese students, employees, and marriage and family migrants. As most had received university educations or higher, their skills and working experiences met the demands of the Taiwan job market at the time, and they had all become successfully established in a variety of white-collar professional jobs. Despite cultural differences, they had developed careers, contributed to Taiwan’s economy, and integrated well, and most were not thinking of returning to Hong Kong.

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