Pond aquaculture performance over time: A perspective of small-scale extensive pond farming in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Md. Takibur Rahman ◽  
Rasmus Nielsen ◽  
Md. Akhtaruzzaman Khan
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Pond Aquaculture ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Theology at Thresholds: Learning from a Practice ‘In Transition’

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Muers ◽  
Rhiannon Grant
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Theological Ethics ◽  
Reciprocal Influence ◽  
Core Practices ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Collective Process ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

Recent developments in contemporary theology and theological ethics have directed academic attention to the interrelationships of theological claims, on the one hand, and core community-forming practices, on the other. This article considers the value for theology of attending to practice at the boundaries, the margins, or, as we prefer to express it, the threshold of a community’s institutional or liturgical life. We argue that marginal or threshold practices can offer insights into processes of theological change – and into the mediation between, and reciprocal influence of, ‘church’ and ‘world’. Our discussion focuses on an example from contemporary British Quakerism. ‘Threshing meetings’ are occasions at which an issue can be ‘threshed out’ as part of a collective process of decision-making. Drawing on a 2015 small-scale study (using a survey and focus group) of British Quaker attitudes to and experiences of threshing meetings, set in the wider context of Quaker tradition, we interpret these meetings as a space for working through – in context and over time – tensions within Quaker theology, practice and self-understandings, particularly those that emerge within, and in relation to, core practices of Quaker decision-making.

Metagenomic and Metatranscriptomic Responses of Chemical Dispersant Application during a Marine Dilbit Spill

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqi Cao ◽  
Baiyu Zhang ◽  
Charles W. Greer ◽  
Kenneth Lee ◽  
Qinhong Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Microcosm Studies ◽  
Over Time

The global increase in marine transportation of dilbit (diluted bitumen) can increase the risk of spills, and the application of chemical dispersants remains a common response practice in spill events. To reliably evaluate dispersant effects on dilbit biodegradation over time, we set large-scale (1500 mL) microcosms without nutrients addition using low dilbit concentration (30 ppm). Shotgun metagenomics and metatranscriptomics were deployed to investigate microbial community responses to naturally and chemically dispersed dilbit. We found that the large-scale microcosms could produce more reproducible community trajectories than small-scale (250 mL) ones based on the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. In the early-stage large-scale microcosms, multiple genera were involved into the biodegradation of dilbit, while dispersant addition enriched primarily Alteromonas and competed for the utilization of dilbit, causing depressed degradation of aromatics. The metatranscriptomic based Metagenome Assembled Genomes (MAG) further elucidated early-stage microbial antioxidation mechanism, which showed dispersant addition triggered the increased expression of the antioxidation process genes of Alteromonas species. Differently, in the late stage, the microbial communities showed high diversity and richness and similar compositions and metabolic functions regardless of dispersant addition, indicating the biotransformation of remaining compounds can occur within the post-oil communities. These findings can guide future microcosm studies and the application of chemical dispersants for responding to a marine dilbit spill. Importance In this study, we employed microcosms to study the effects of marine dilbit spill and dispersant application on microbial community dynamics over time. We evaluated the impacts of microcosm scale and found that increasing the scale is beneficial for reducing community stochasticity, especially in the late stage of biodegradation. We observed that dispersant application suppressed aromatics biodegradation in the early stage (6 days) whereas exerting insignificant effects in the late stage (50 days), from both substances removal and metagenomic/metatranscriptomic perspectives. We further found that Alteromonas species are vital for the early-stage chemically dispersed oil biodegradation, and clarified their degradation and antioxidation mechanisms. The findings would help to better understand microcosm studies and microbial roles for biodegrading dilbit and chemically dispersed dilbit, and suggest that dispersant evaluation in large-scale systems and even through field trails would be more realistic after marine oil spill response.

The Pigi Athinas Tumuli Cemetery of Macedonian Olympus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paraskevi Tritsaroli
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
The People ◽  
Gender And Health ◽  
Funerary Treatment ◽  
Over Time

The Middle-Late Bronze Age (1620–1500 B.C.) was a period of emerging and intensifying social complexity involving small-scale settlement hierarchies, but the archaeological understanding of social organization at this time has remained limited. In a comparative case study of funerary treatment and skeletal biology, the authors consider the distribution of multiple skeletal pathological conditions between distinct tumuli-style burials at Pigi Athinas. Though social rank may have started to displace the centrality of kinship, subtle variations in both funerary and bioarchaeological data indicated the most important structuring factors were sex and age distinctions. Over time, the influence of differential diets, divisions of gender, and ritual feasting appear as the people participated in a widespread Mycenaean system that shaped both gender and health in ancient Greece.

scholarly journals Environmental Surveillance Can Dynamically Track Ecological Changes in Enteroviruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Ozawa ◽  
Hiromu Yoshida ◽  
Shuzo Usuku
Keyword(s):  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Environmental surveillance can be used to trace enteroviruses shed from human stool using a sewer network that is independent of symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. In this study, the local transmission of enteroviruses was analyzed using two wastewater treatment plants, which were relatively close to each other (15 km), designated as sentinels. Influent was collected at both sentinels once a month from 2013 to 2016, and viruses were isolated. Using neutralizing tests with type-specific polyclonal antisera and molecular typing, 933 isolates were identified as enteroviruses. Our results showed that the frequency of virus isolation varied for each serotype at the two sentinels in a time-dependent manner. Because echovirus 11 (Echo11) and coxsackievirus B5 isolates showed a high frequency and were difficult to distinguish, they were further grouped into various lineages based on the VP1 amino acid sequences. The prevalence of each lineage was visualized using multidimensional scaling. The results showed that Echo11 isolates of the same lineage were isolated continuously, similar to coxsackievirus B5 isolates of three lineages. Conversely, Echo1, Echo13, Echo18, Echo19, Echo20, Echo29, and Echo33 were isolated only once each. Our findings suggested that if an enterovirus is imported into the population, it may result in small-scale transmission, whereas if there are initially many infected individuals, it may be possible for the virus to spread to a wide area, beyond the local community, over time. In addition, our findings could provide insights into risk assessment of transmission for importation of poliovirus in polio-free countries and regions. IMPORTANCE In this study, we showed that environmental enterovirus surveillance can be used to monitor the propagation of nonpolio enteroviruses in addition to poliovirus detection. Since epidemiological studies of virus transmission based on the past were performed using specimens from humans, there were limitations to research design, such as specimen collection for implementation on a large-scale target population. However, environmental monitoring can dynamically track the ecological changes in enteroviruses in the region by monitoring viruses in chronological order and targeting the population within the area by monitoring viruses over time. We observed differences in the transmission of echovirus 11 and coxsackievirus B5 in the region according to lineage in a time-dependent manner and with a multidimensional scaling pattern.

scholarly journals Analyses of Land Cover Change Trajectories Leading to Tropical Forest Loss: Illustrated for the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu Districts, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Land ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina van der Laan ◽  
Arif Budiman ◽  
Judith Verstegen ◽  
Stefan Dekker ◽  
Wiwin Effendy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Forest Loss ◽  
The West ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Over Time

In Indonesia, land cover change for agriculture and mining is threatening tropical forests, biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, land cover change is highly dynamic and complex and varies over time and space. In this study, we combined Landsat-based land cover (change) mapping, pixel-to-pixel cross tabulations and expert knowledge to analyze land cover change and forest loss in the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu districts in East Kalimantan from 1990–2009. We found that about one-third of the study area changed in 1990–2009 and that the different types of land cover changes in the study area increased and involved more diverse and characteristic trajectories in 2000–2009, compared to 1990–2000. Degradation to more open forest types was dominant, and forest was mostly lost due to trajectories that involved deforestation to grasslands and shrubs (~17%), and to a lesser extent due to trajectories from forest to mining and agriculture (11%). Trajectories from forest to small-scale mixed cropland and smallholder rubber occurred more frequently than trajectories to large-scale oil palm or pulpwood plantations; however, the latter increased over time. About 11% of total land cover change involved multiple-step trajectories and thus “intermediate” land cover types. The combined trajectory analysis in this paper thus contributes to a more comprehensive analysis of land cover change and the drivers of forest loss, which is essential to improve future land cover projections and to support spatial planning.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Variability in Two Cassin’s Auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) Colonies Using Spline-based Nonparametric Models

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-85
Author(s):  
Dean Koch
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Regression Spline ◽  
Ecological Variability ◽  
Nonparametric Models ◽  
Cassin's Auklet ◽  
Ptychoramphus Aleuticus ◽  
Over Time

While variability in the reproductive performance of a population over time is a familiar and useful concept to ecologists, it can be difficult to capture mathematically. Commonly used ecological variability statistics, such as the standard deviation of the logarithm and coefficient of variation, discard the time-ordering of observations and consider only the unordered response variable values. We used a relatively new methodology, the cubic regression spline (a flexible curve fitted to a scatterplot of data), both to illustrate trends in reproductive performance over time and to explore the utility of the cubic regression spline roughness penalty (J) as a statistic for measuring variability while retaining time-ordering information. We concluded that although J measures variability in a mathematical sense, it can be inappropriate in a population ecology context because of sensitivity to small-scale fluctuations. To illustrate our methodology, we used the CRS approach in an analysis of historical data from two Cassin’s Auklet colonies located on Frederick and Triangle Islands in coastal BC, developing a model for the annual mean nestling growth rate on each island over seven contiguous years. Model selection indicated a complex (nonlinear) trend in growth rate on both islands. We report higher variability in the resident bird population of Triangle Island than Frederick Island, based on a comparison of the fitted curves, and the values of the coefficient of variation and population variability summary statistics.

scholarly journals Technical note: An economical apparatus for the observation and harvesting of mineral precipitation experiments with light microscopy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris H. Crosby ◽  
Jake V. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Microscopic Observation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Double Diffusion ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Organic Polymers ◽  
Mineral Precipitation ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. We describe a small-scale reusable and low-cost double diffusion setup that allows microscopic observation over time for use in mineral precipitation experiments that use organic polymers as a matrix. The setup uniquely accommodates changes in solution chemistry during the course of an experiment, and facilitates easy harvesting of the precipitates for subsequent analysis.

Rich in the Wisdom of Hindsight

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-585
Author(s):  
David Henige
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Over Time

The modern historiography of Africa has been so accelerated that many of its earliest practitioners still ply their trade. The fact that these pioneering scholars have changed their minds and practices considerably over time, often without any discussion of their reasons for doing so, suggests, among other things, that the evaluation of their contributions to the field cannot take place on a small scale; it must take into account their entire corpora, both substantively and methodologically.

Aquaculture for an ethnic minority in the Terai of Nepal.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jharendu Pant
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Fishing Communities ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Pond Aquaculture ◽  
Chitwan Valley ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Traditional Fishing ◽  
Farming Households

Abstract The Chitwan valley situated in the inner Terai, Nepal, is endowed with a favourable sub-tropical monsoonal climate, rich soil and abundant forest resources. Livelihoods of half of the population in Chitwan depend on farming. The average size of farm holdings is small (about 0.6 ha) with the agricultural system characterized by an integration of crop and livestock sub-systems. Recognizing the possible role of small-scale aquaculture in poverty alleviation in Nepal, the project "Women in Aquaculture in Nepal" aimed at the introduction and development of backyard pond aquaculture. It has been working with small-scale farming households of the traditional fishing communities of the Darai and Tharu in the Chitwan valley. The project has successfully demonstrated the role of backyard pond aquaculture to diversify the farming systems of traditional fishing communities in the Chitwan valley. Whilst farmers operated low-input aquaculture systems, there is scope for significantly increasing fish production through intensification.

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