Can the melt flow index be used to predict the success of fused deposition modelling of commercial poly(lactic acid) filaments into 3D printed materials?

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sisi Wang ◽  
Lore Capoen ◽  
Dagmar R. D’hooge ◽  
Ludwig Cardon
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Melt Flow Index ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Melt Flow ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Printed Materials

scholarly journals Influence of Reactive Chain Extension on the Properties of 3D Printed Poly(Lactic Acid) Constructs

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1381
Author(s):  
Maria-Eirini Grigora ◽  
Zoi Terzopoulou ◽  
Konstantinos Tsongas ◽  
Panagiotis Klonos ◽  
Nikolaos Kalafatakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Complex Viscosity ◽  
Melt Flow Index ◽  
Chain Extension ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is currently the most popular 3D printing method, where thermoplastic polymers are predominantly used. Among them, the biobased poly(lactic acid) (PLA) governs the FDM filament market, with demand higher than supply, since not all grades of PLA are suitable for FDM filament production. In this work, the effect of a food grade chain extender (Joncryl ADR® 4400) on the physicochemical properties and printability of PLA marketed for injection molding was examined. All samples were characterized in terms of their mechanical and thermal properties. The microstructure of the filaments and 3D-printed fractured surfaces following tensile testing were examined with optical and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Molecular weight and complex viscosity increased, while the melt flow index decreased after the incorporation of Joncryl, which resulted in filaments of improved quality and 3D-printed constructs with enhanced mechanical properties. Dielectric spectroscopy revealed that the bulk properties of PLA with respect to molecular mobility, both local and segmental, were, interestingly, not affected by the modifier. Indirectly, this may suggest that the major effects of the extender are on chain length, without inducing chain branching, at least not to a significant extent.

Thermomechanical investigations of PEKK-HAp-CS composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 233 (11) ◽  
pp. 1196-1203
Author(s):  
Rupinder Singh ◽  
Gurchetan Singh ◽  
Jaskaran Singh ◽  
Ranvijay Kumar ◽  
Md Mustafizur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Melt Flow Index ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Melt Flow ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Ether Ketone ◽  
Input Variables

In this experimental study, a composite of poly-ether-ketone-ketone by reinforcement of hydroxyapatite and chitosan has been prepared for possible applications as orthopaedic scaffolds. Initially, different weight percentages of hydroxyapatite and chitosan were reinforced in the poly-ether-ketone-ketone matrix and tested for melt flow index in order to check the flowability of different compositions/proportions. Suitable compositions revealed by the melt flow index test were then taken forward for the extrusion of filament required for fused deposition modelling. For thermomechanical investigations, Taguchi-based design of experiments has been used with input variables in the extrusion process as follows: temperature, load applied and different composition/proportions. The specimens in the form of feedstock filament produced by the extrusion process were made to undergo tensile testing. The specimens were also inspected by differential scanning calorimetry and photomicrographs. Finally, the specimen showing the best performance from the thermomechanical viewpoint has been selected to extrude the filament for the fused deposition modelling process.

scholarly journals A Study on Melt Flow Index on Copper-ABS for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Feedstock

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Mu'izzah Ahmad Isa ◽  
Nasuha Sa'ude ◽  
M. Ibrahim ◽  
Saiful Manar Hamid ◽  
Khairu Kamarudin
Keyword(s):  
Injection Molding ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Melt Flow Index ◽  
Internal Force ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Melt Flow ◽  
Volume Percentage ◽  
Fused Deposition

This paper presents of Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) as feedstock used in Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) machine. This study discussed on the development of a new PMC material by the injection molding machine. The material consist of copper powder filled in an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), binder and surfactant material. The effect of metal filled in ABS and binder content was investigated experimentally by the Melt Flow Index (MFI) machine. Based on the result obtained, an increment of copper filled in ABS by volume percentage (vol. %) effected on melt flow index results. With highly filled copper in PMC composites increase the melt flow index results. It was concluded that, the propensity of the melt flow allow an internal force in PMC material through the injection molding and FDM machine.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATIONS FOR ENHANCING THE APPLICATION DOMAIN OF FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING PROCESS

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Rupinder Singh ◽  
Sunpreet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Melt Flow Index ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Application Domain ◽  
Melt Flow ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Modelling Process

In the recent past, various studies have been reported on the development of in-house fused deposition modelling (FDM) filament, in order to increase the application domain of the process. But hitherto very less have reported on the effect of reinforcement type (such as: SiC, Al2O3 and Fe powder etc.) on the melt flow index (MFI) of the polymer matrix composite (PMC) to be used as FDM filament. In the present research work, an effort has beenmade to investigate the effect of selected proportions of filler, matrix (nylon-6) and extrusion load on the MFI of reinforced FDM filament. Experimental study was conducted on melt flow indexer (MFIer) as per ASTM-D1238-95 standard and signal to noise ratio was calculated to find out the effect of input process parameters on MFI of hybrid filament. It has been found that proportion of filler in matrix, type of filler material and extrusion load contributed about 16.62%, 1.23% and 76.72% respectively.

Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Melt Flow Behavior in Fused Deposition Modelling of Poly(lactic) Acid

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel R. Stewart ◽  
John E. Wentz ◽  
Joseph T. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
External Heat ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Melt Flow ◽  
External Heat Transfer ◽  
Fused Deposition

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) creates three-dimensional parts by feeding a rigid thermoplastic filament through a heated barrel to achieve a semi-fluid state and then extruding it layer-by-layer to create a part geometry. The melt flow behavior within FDM must be analyzed in order to correctly understand the temperature gradients within the system to promote part quality, process control, and efficiency. The presented research consists of analyzing the melt flow behavior of polymer poly(lactic) acid (PLA) within FDM. This includes an experimental analysis of the power output of the resistive heat source, a theoretical analysis of external coefficients of heat-transfer, and an experimental validation of liquefier temperatures. A three-dimensional fluid-flow model is created using the accurate geometry of the extruder assembly, calculated conditions from initial experimental results, and referenced material properties. Results of this research include a significant temperature difference between the areas of the liquefier assembly close in proximity to the power source to those further away such as the inlet and outlet, suggesting that external heat transfer mechanisms play a significant role in liquefier dynamics, contrary to the more common assumption of constant wall temperature or constant heat flux used in modeling. The research presented provides new information regarding the melt flow of PLA, a method of modeling external heat transfer, and a way of understanding power consumption that can lead to liquefier design improvements. The process itself will also aid in identifying modeling considerations for further investigations of melt flow involving various extruder designs and material options. Specifically, the use of this type of comprehensive model is of interest to the additive manufacturing community with respect to thermally sensitive component specification and heating and cooling needs within process based on changing system parameters such as extrusion temperature and mass flow rates (i.e. material feed rate and/or change in extrusion diameter).

Development of three-dimensional printing filaments based on poly(lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composites with potential for tissue engineering

2021 ◽  
pp. 002199832098856
Author(s):  
Marcela Piassi Bernardo ◽  
Bruna Cristina Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

Injured bone tissues can be healed with scaffolds, which could be manufactured using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) strategy. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most biocompatible polymers suitable for FDM, while hydroxyapatite (HA) could improve the bioactivity of scaffold due to its chemical composition. Therefore, the combination of PLA/HA can create composite filaments adequate for FDM and with high osteoconductive and osteointegration potentials. In this work, we proposed a different approache to improve the potential bioactivity of 3D printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by increasing the HA loading (20-30%) in the PLA composite filaments. Two routes were investigated regarding the use of solvents in the filament production. To assess the suitability of the FDM-3D printing process, and the influence of the HA content on the polymer matrix, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The HA phase content of the composite filaments agreed with the initial composite proportions. The wettability of the 3D printed scaffolds was also increased. It was shown a greener route for obtaining composite filaments that generate scaffolds with properties similar to those obtained by the solvent casting, with high HA content and great potential to be used as a bone graft.

scholarly journals Effects of Rice Straw Powder (RSP) Size and Pretreatment on Properties of FDM 3D-Printed RSP/Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3234
Author(s):  
Wangwang Yu ◽  
Lili Dong ◽  
Wen Lei ◽  
Yuhan Zhou ◽  
Yongzhe Pu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Interfacial Compatibility ◽  
3D Printed

To develop a new kind of environment-friendly composite filament for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing, rice straw powder (RSP)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposites were FDM-3D-printed, and the effects of the particle size and pretreatment of RSP on the properties of RSP/PLA biocomposites were investigated. The results indicated that the 120-mesh RSP/PLA biocomposites (named 120#RSP/PLA) showed better performance than RSP/PLA biocomposites prepared with other RSP sizes. Infrared results showed that pretreatment of RSP by different methods was successful, and scanning electron microscopy indicated that composites prepared after pretreatment exhibited good interfacial compatibility due to a preferable binding force between fiber and matrix. When RSP was synergistically pretreated by alkaline and ultrasound, the composite exhibited a high tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of 58.59, 568.68, 90.32, and 3218.12 MPa, respectively, reflecting an increase of 31.19%, 16.48%, 18.75%, and 25.27%, respectively, compared with unmodified 120#RSP/PLA. Pretreatment of RSP also improved the thermal stability and hydrophobic properties, while reducing the water absorption of 120#RSP/PLA. This work is believed to provide highlights of the development of cost-effective biocomposite filaments and improvement of the properties of FDM parts.

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