scholarly journals XXIX. On the practical attainment of the thermodynamic scale of temperature.—Part III

1908 ◽  
Vol 15 (87) ◽  
pp. 301-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rose-Innes
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Scale

1. On a Practical Constant-Volume Air Thermometer

1889 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
J. T. Bottomley
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Constant Volume ◽  
William Thomson ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Thermodynamic Scale

In the fourth Mémoire of his celebrated Relation des Expériences, published in 1847, Regnault gives cogent reasons for preferring the air thermometer before any other as the instrument by means of which temperatures may be defined, and high temperatures determined. The thermodynamic researches of Sir William Thomson have furnished an absolute thermodynamic definition of temperatures ; and the experimental researches of Dr Joule and Sir William Thomson have established the practical agreement of Regnault's air thermometers with the thermodynamic scale of temperatures. Lastly, the air thermometer is at present the only instrument, with the exception of a mercurial thermometer which has been compared with an air thermometer, by means of which temperatures higher than, say, 150° C. or 200° C. can be determined within 3° C. or 4° C.*

5. On a Constant Pressure Gas Thermometer

1880 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 539-545
Author(s):  
William Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Steam Pressure ◽  
Thermal Capacity ◽  
Porous Plug ◽  
Proper Form ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Important Object ◽  
Thermodynamic Scale

In the article on “Heat” published in the eleventh volume of the Encyclopœdia Britannica, referred to in my previous communications to the Royal Society on Steam Pressure Thermometers, it is shown that the Constant Pressure Air Thermometer is the proper form of expansional thermometer to give temperature on the absolute thermodynamic scale, with no other data as to physical properties of the fluid than the thermal effect which it experiences in being forced through a porous plug, as in the experiment of Joule and myself on this subject; and the thermal capacity of the fluid under constant pressure. These data for air, hydrogen, and nitrogen have all been obtained with considerable accuracy, and thererfore it becomes an important object towards promoting accurate thermometry, to make a practical working thermometer directly adapted to show temperature on the absolute thermodynamic scale through the whole range of temperature, from the lowest attainable by any means, to the highest for which glass remains solid.

Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Some Halogenated and Non-halogenated Hydrocarbons

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Clark ◽  
D.J. Tinston
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Halogenated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Saturated Vapour Pressure ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Thermodynamic Scale ◽  
Rat Cns

1 The relative potency of effect of a wide range of halogenated and unsubstituted hydrocarbons on the central nervous system (CNS) and the heart of experimental animals have been determined. 2 The chemicals used caused either stimulation or depression of the rat CNS after 10 minutes' inhalation of concentrations ranging from 0.24% to > 80% (v/v), and cardiac sensitization in dogs after 5 minutes' inhalation of 0.12% to approximately 80% (v/v). 3 The toxicity could not be correlated with chemical structure, molecular weight, the presence or absence of various halogen atoms or the degree of saturation, but it was inversely related to the saturated vapour pressure. When the results were expressed on a thermodynamic scale the chemicals had similar potencies at relative saturations of 0.004 to 0.04 4 It is suggested that the effects of these chemicals on the CNS and the heart are probably structurally non-specific, and the chemicals may be regarded as physical toxicants whose effects are predictable from their physico-chemical properties.

A thermodynamic scale for high pressures up to 25,000 kg/ cm2

1959 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 865-868
Author(s):  
M. K. Zhokhovskii ◽  
V. N. Razuminkhin ◽  
E. V. Zolotykh ◽  
L. L. Burova
Keyword(s):  
High Pressures ◽  
Thermodynamic Scale

scholarly journals The melting point of palladium

1929 ◽  
Vol 125 (798) ◽  
pp. 517-531 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Planck Equation ◽  
Black Body ◽  
The United States ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Independent Basis ◽  
Thermodynamic Scale ◽  
Melting Point Of Palladium

The melting point of palladium is a convenient reference point for the measurement of high temperatures. In fixing a scale of temperature the aim is, of course, to approximate as closely as possible to the thermodynamic scale. From the absolute zero up to moderately high temperatures this ideal scale is realised most directly and accurately through the medium of the gas thermometer. However, with increase of temperature beyond a certain limit, the experimental difficulties of gas thermometry multiply rapidly, so that ultimately it becomes necessary to adopt another basis for obtaining the scale. This is conveniently found in the laws governing the radiation from a black body, which have a sound theoretical foundation and permit the use of measuring instruments of precision. The establishment of a practical scale of temperature on the lines above indicated has been the subject of considerable discussion between the national standardising laboratories of Germany, Great Britain and the United States of America. As a result, proposals for the definition of an "International Temperature Scale" were submitted to the 7th General Conference of Weights and Measures, and approved by them. In effect, the basis of the scale up to the melting point of gold is the gas thermometer, and beyond this temperature the Wien or Planck law of radiation with an agreed value for the constant c 2 . Owing to the difficulty of absolute measurements of radiation, no attempt has so far been made to place the radiation scale on an independent basis by fixing the other constant in the Wien or Planck equation. Consequently the scale is defined, for the present, relatively to a fixed point on the thermodynamic scale, as given by the gas thermometer, namely the melting point of gold (1063°C.).

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