steam pressure
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Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Daniele Tammaro ◽  
Alberto Ballesteros ◽  
Claudio Walker ◽  
Norbert Reichelt ◽  
Ulla Trommsdorff

We explore the foam extrusion of expanded polypropylene with a long chain branched random co-polypropylene to make its production process simpler and cheaper. The results show that the presence of long chain branches infer high melt strength and, hence, a wide foamability window. We explored the entire window of foaming conditions (namely, temperature and pressure) by means of an ad-hoc extrusion pilot line design. It is shown that the density of the beads can be varied from 20 to 100 kg/m3 using CO2 and isobutane as a blowing agent. The foamed beads were molded by steam-chest molding using moderate steam pressures of 0.3 to 0.35 MPa independently of the closed cell content. A characterization of the mechanical properties was performed on the molded parts. The steam molding pressure for sintering expanded polypropylene beads with a long chain branched random co-polypropylene is lower than the one usually needed for standard polypropylene beads by extrusion. The energy saving for the sintering makes the entire manufacturing processes cost efficient and can trigger new applications.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zu Biao Ren ◽  
Abdullah Akarim Al-Rabah ◽  
Antonio Pico ◽  
Michael Freeman

Abstract The challenge of Heavy oil thermal production Kuwait includes how to monitor steam flood effectiveness and cap rock integrity. Due to shallow & heterogeneous reservoirs and thin cap rock, pressurized and heated steam could diffuse in all directions and breach the cap rock. KOC acquired a baseline & time-lapsed surface seismic and 3D VSP for purposes of monitoring CSS production. This paper presents a technical application of seismic inversion to steam chamber size & cap rock integrity interpretation. The seismic image area includes 13 CSS wells, at varying CSS stages of steam injection, soaking and production. The data acquisition consisted of a base and a time-lapsed monitor seismic; each acquisition period lasting for around a week and separated by 40 day intervals. The simultaneous acquisition of surface seismic and the 3D VSP enabled complimentary data exchange and results validation. Well data of sonic and PHIT are used for building a low frequency inversion model. Rock physical modeling is also required to understand the effect of steam and production changes on acoustic and elastic properties. Various geophysical inversion methods are performed on AI inversion of post & pre stack seismic and Poisson's ratio inversion. To estimate reservoir temperature changes due to steam injection, the calibrated rock-physics model was utilized to relate the AI response to temperature change. The steam injection is expected to decrease acoustic impedance. The AI difference exhibits much wider impedance anomalies revealing steam chamber size and the production zone around the wells at various stages of the CSS cycle. Average temperature maps in reservoirs derived from rock-physical modeling also show temperature change around the wells. Inverted seismic attributes of acoustic impedance and temperature were used for study of cap rock integrity. Interpretation results of the steam size through AI and temperature analysis at reservoir and cap rock enable optimization of our CSS and SF completion strategies include steam pressure and volume, soaking period and thermal production control. The result of cap rock integrity monitoring also indicate no serious damage of cap rock under existing conditions of CSS operation (WHT: 420 °F & WHP: 320 PSI), which defines the limits of strategies to increase steam pressure and volume to increase EOR efficiency.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2083 (3) ◽  
pp. 032020
Author(s):  
Lingkai Zhu ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Song Gao ◽  
Ziwei Zhong ◽  
Panfeng Shang ◽  
...  

Abstract This paper presents a method to determine the exhaust enthalpy of small steam turbine. Starting from the feed water pump group, the feed water pump and small steam turbine are studied as a whole. Based on the thermodynamic method, the efficiency of the feed water pump is obtained separately, and then the efficiency and exhaust enthalpy of the small steam turbine are deduced. This method only needs to measure the inlet and outlet pressure, temperature, feed water flow of feed water pump, inlet steam pressure, temperature and flow of small turbine. It has the advantages of less measurement parameters, low measurement cost and small measurement error. It provides a reliable basis for a comprehensive understanding of the performance of small steam turbine and guiding its economic and safe operation.


Author(s):  
Zawawi Ibrahim ◽  
Aisyah Humaira Alias ◽  
Ridzuan Ramli ◽  
Noorshamsiana Abdul Wahab ◽  
Mansur Ahmad ◽  
...  

Studies on the manufacture of medium density fiberboard (MDF) from oil palm frond (OPF) fibre were conducted to provide a sustainable and feasible source of lignocellulosic materials. The quality and properties of the fibre are very important as it dictates the final MDF properties. The properties of fibre like fibre pH, buffering capacity, and morphology can influence most of the MDF performances. Refining condition is one of the most important factors which determine the properties of the refined fibre. In this study, the effects of different refining pressures and temperatures on OPF fibre were evaluated. The refining of OPF fibre was observed at four levels of refining parameters; which were categorized as low (2 bar at 130 °C), medium (4 bar at 150 °C), high (6 bar at 170 °C), and severe (8 bar at 190 °C). The refining heating time of 5 minutes was employed. The pH, buffering capacity, morphology, and the surface of the fibres were evaluated. The refined fibres were used to manufacture fibreboard panels at a target density of 720 kg/m3 and 12% urea formaldehyde (UF) resin. The panel's physical (thickness swelling) and mechanical properties (bending and internal bonding strength) were then evaluated according to European Standard (EN 622-5, 2006). The results indicated that refining conditions affected the properties of the fibres and final boards. High steam pressure and temperature-induced pH changes in OPF fibres, leading to more acidic fibres and greater acid buffering capacity. The fibre separation was more adequate at this level and produced fibre with a smooth surface. Based on the test results for fibreboard properties, high steam pressure and temperature produced better dimensional stability of panels and bending and bonding strength. However, at the highest refining condition (severe level), the board performances began to deteriorate. The best performances of the samples were found for the panels made under refining conditions of 6 bar at 170 °C.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-16
Author(s):  
Rivai Suhendra F ◽  
Isdaryanto Iskandar

Pellets are compressed feed, compacted through a mechanical process. Pellets can be molded in the form of lumps and small cylinders with different diameters, lengths, and levels of strength. The right moisture content value will maximize the quality of the pellets and increase the value of the Pellet Durability Index(PDI). Many factors affect the moisture content in the feed such as changing the steam pressure configuration, adding moisture to the mixing process, changing the retention time configuration, and other methods. The method tested was to provide variations on the configuration of retention time and steam pressure on the Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV) which aims to determine the increase in moisture content in the feed. Variations of retention time configuration tested were 50 seconds, 55 seconds, 60 seconds, 65 seconds, 70 seconds with variations in the Steam pressure configuration in the test were 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar. The test results prove that the retention time of 65 seconds with a steam pressure of 1.4 bar is the best configuration with an increase in moisture content of 2.67% with a difference in moisture content of bagging to the mixing of -0.46.


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