The electric vehicles, or may be called plug-in cars, are continuing to make waves across the modern vehicle industry. So far electric vehicles can be distorted by pure and hybrid, which are usually called Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. (James Larminie, 2012) The electric vehicles have contribution to protect environment through reducing carbon emission and pollution by improving the using efficiency of fuel and electricity, and indirect use of pollution-free energy, like wind energy, waterpower and nuclear. Electric vehicles need electricity as fuel, so the charging facilities are becoming an important infrastructure. Up to now, the US has about 120,000 gas stations while charging stations are only 10,000. Unfortunately, most of them are slow charging piles, like Level 1 or 2. (James Larminie, 2012) So sufficient charging facilities, especially Level 3 piles, should be deployed in order to meet the increasing of electric vehicles quantity. However, we have to consider about many following problems. This paper introduced some simple technical details of batteries and all levels of stations, and discussed about where and how to deploy, cost and benefit, safety issues and other challenges, and gave a prediction of what the future tendency will be.
Socially optimal replacement of conventional with electric vehicles for the US household fleet