Assessing the Validity of Multinomial Models Using Extraneous Variables: An Application to Prospective Memory

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2194-2210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Rummel ◽  
C. Dennis Boywitt ◽  
Thorsten Meiser
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Memory Research ◽  
Multinomial Processing Tree ◽  
Multinomial Models ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Prospective Memory Performance

The class of multinomial processing tree (MPT) models has been used extensively in cognitive psychology to model latent cognitive processes. Critical for the usefulness of a MPT model is its psychological validity. Generally, the validity of a MPT model is demonstrated by showing that its parameters are selectively and predictably affected by theoretically meaningful experimental manipulations. Another approach is to test the convergent validity of the model parameters and other extraneous measures intended to measure the same cognitive processes. Here, we advance the concept of construct validity (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955) as a criterion for model validity in MPT modelling and show how this approach can be fruitfully utilized using the example of a MPT model of event-based prospective memory. For that purpose, we investigated the convergent validity of the model parameters and established extraneous measures of prospective memory processes over a range of experimental settings, and we found a lack of convergent validity between the two indices. On a conceptual level, these results illustrate the importance of testing convergent validity. Additionally, they have implications for prospective memory research, because they demonstrate that the MPT model of event-based prospective memory is not able to differentiate between different processes contributing to prospective memory performance.

scholarly journals Investigating the output monitoring component of event-based prospective memory performance

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Marsh ◽  
Jason L. Hicks ◽  
Thomas W. Hancock ◽  
Kirk Munsayac
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Output Monitoring ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Prospective Memory Performance

Does Delay Affect Prospective Memory Performance?

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Nigro ◽  
Pier Carla Cicogna
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Prospective Memory Task ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Prospective Remembering ◽  
Intention Formation ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Prospective Memory Performance

The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which the retention interval between intention formation and the execution of the action affects the occurrence of remembering and its accuracy. 126 subjects (48 men and 78 women) between 18 and 24 years participated in a two-phase experiment. An event-based prospective memory task was assigned at the end of the first experimental session, which required reporting a message to the second experimenter at the beginning of the second experimental session. The length of the interval of time between the formation of the intention and its execution varied (10 minutes, 2 days, 2 weeks). Participants were randomly assigned to the three conditions (42 each). A post-experimental interview was carried out in order to find out the strategies that subjects employed to retrieve the message and the importance they attributed to the task. Results indicate that the delay affected neither the occurrence of remembering nor its accuracy, and that the importance attributed to the planned action improved the likelihood of prospective remembering. Furthermore, results seem to indicate that external reminders do not improve prospective memory. Further implications of the finding were discussed.

scholarly journals Incentive effects on event-based prospective memory performance in children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury.

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. McCauley ◽  
Mark A. McDaniel ◽  
Claudia Pedroza ◽  
Sandra B. Chapman ◽  
Harvey S. Levin
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Incentive Effects ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Prospective Memory Performance

scholarly journals Prospective memory functioning in people with and without brain injury

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 645-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne C. T. Groot ◽  
Barbara A. Wilson ◽  
Jonathan Evans ◽  
Peter Watson
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Memory Functioning ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Prospective Memory Performance

AbstractProspective remembering has been relatively underinvestigated in neurological patients. This paper describes a group study in which the prospective memory performance of 36 people with brain injury and 28 control participants is compared. We used a new instrument, the Cambridge Behaviour Prospective Memory Test (CBPMT) to assess prospective memory. This comprises 4 time-based and 4 event-based tasks. Participants were allowed to take notes to help them remember the tasks. The relationships between CBPMT scores, scores on formal tests and subjective reports on memory, attention and executive functioning were analyzed. The key findings were that (1) note-taking significantly benefited prospective memory performance, (2) significant relationships were found between scores on the prospective memory test and scores on tests of memory and executive functions, and (3) participants had more difficulty with the time-based than with the event-based prospective memory tasks. The results suggest that compensatory strategies improve prospective memory functioning; memory for content as well as attention and executive functioning processes are involved in prospective memory; and that time-based tasks are more difficult than event-based tasks because they place higher demands on inhibitory control mechanisms. Discussion focuses on the implications of these results for neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation.

P01-222-Prospective memory performance in Chinese patients with bipolar affective disorder

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 223-223
Author(s):  
E. Lee ◽  
Y.T. Xiang ◽  
R.W.C. Au ◽  
D. Shum ◽  
W.K. Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Behavioral Memory ◽  
Hamilton Rating Scale ◽  
Prospective Memory Performance

IntroductionPersons suffering from bipolar affective disorder have a wide range of cognitive deficits, but there have been limited understanding of prospective memory performance. Time-based prospective memory is remembering to perform an action at a specific time, whereas event-based prospective memory is remembering to perform an action when an external cue appears.ObjectivesAssess the time-based and event-based prospective memory performance in Chinese persons diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder.AimsIdentify factors associated with prospective memory performance.MethodsA sample of 40 persons diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder were recruited from a psychiatric outpatient clinic. All participants completed the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test, Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test, Test of Nonverbal Intelligence - Third Edition, the Young Mania Rating Scale and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.ResultsThe mean total score of the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test of persons diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder was 24.4 ± 7.0. Time-based prospective memory performance was worse than event-based PM task. The Cambridge Prospective Memory Test total score was associated with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score and Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test score. The performance of time-based prospective memory tasks was associated with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score, and the performance of event-based prospective memory tasks was associated with the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test total score.ConclusionsPersons diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder are found to have worse time-based than event-based prospective memory performance. The importance for everyday functioning and independent living needs to be explored in future studies.

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