Can sensory discrimination ability in children with low functioning autism be used as an index of cognitive ability—an exploratory study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Deepshikha Ray
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Sensory Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Low Functioning

scholarly journals Attention Control and Process Overlap Theory: Searching for Cognitive Processes Underpinning the Positive Manifold

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Burgoyne ◽  
Cody Anthony Mashburn ◽  
Jason S. Tsukahara ◽  
Randall W Engle
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Positive Correlations

Process overlap theory provides a contemporary explanation for the positive correlations observed among cognitive ability measures, a phenomenon which intelligence researchers refer to as the positive manifold. According to process overlap theory, cognitive tasks tap domain-general executive processes as well as domain-specific processes, and correlations between measures reflect the degree of overlap in the cognitive processes that are engaged when performing the tasks. In this article, we discuss points of agreement and disagreement between the executive attention framework and process overlap theory, with a focus on attention control: the domain-general ability to maintain focus on task-relevant information and disengage from irrelevant and no-longer relevant information. After describing the steps our lab has taken to improve the measurement of attention control, we review evidence suggesting that attention control can explain many of the positive correlations between broad cognitive abilities, such as fluid intelligence, working memory capacity, and sensory discrimination ability. Furthermore, when these latent variables are modeled under a higher-order g factor, attention control has the highest loading on g, indicating a strong relationship between attention control and domain-general cognitive ability. In closing, we reflect on the challenge of directly measuring cognitive processes and provide suggestions for future research.

Intelligence Predicts Sensory Discrimination Ability but not Implicit Reward Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Sassenberg ◽  
Muchen Xi ◽  
Daiqing Zhao ◽  
Scott D. Blain ◽  
Colin G. DeYoung
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Schedule ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Differential Reinforcement ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Reward Learning ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Sensory Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Ability ◽  
Iq Test

Previous research has made use of sensory discrimination tasks that incorporate differential reinforcement schedules as a method for measuring individual differences in implicit reward learning. One such task utilizing a differential reinforcement schedule was popularized by Pizzagalli et al. (2005) with the intent of behaviorally assessing anhedonia and reward sensitivity. Various studies have examined implicit reward learning in relation to clinical symptoms and personality traits, including anhedonia, depression, and Extraversion. Despite extensive use of these tasks, they have not been extensively examined in relation to intelligence. Other research suggests positive associations of intelligence with sensory discrimination ability. The present study utilized a probabilistic reward task incorporating differential reinforcement in a large community sample to determine the relations among IQ, sensory discrimination ability, and implicit reward learning. Participants (N = 298) completed a sensory discrimination task, as well as an IQ test. IQ was not associated with participants’ levels of implicit reward learning but was positively associated with sensory discrimination ability. These findings provide further understanding of the complex relations among implicit learning, sensory discrimination ability, and intelligence.

Cognitive Ability, Personality, and Pathways to Retirement: An Exploratory Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Hudomiet ◽  
Andrew M Parker ◽  
Susann Rohwedder
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Exploratory Study

EXPLORATORY STUDY ON RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FAMILY FUNCTIONING, DEMOGRAPHICS AND INDIVIDUAL WELL-BEING IN EAST ASIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 3-31
Author(s):  
HERMAN HAY MING LO ◽  
MIRANDA LAI FOON CHUNG CHAN ◽  
YOUNG HEE KIM ◽  
MOSES WAI KEUNG MUI ◽  
JOYCE YEN FENG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Functioning ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Subjective Happiness ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Low Functioning ◽  
The Relationship

This exploratory study examined the relationship between family functioning and individual’s well-being across seven East Asian cities. 3,834 participants recruited through convenience sampling completed a family survey. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVAs, and hierarchical regression analyses were performed. Results showed that, among the survey respondents, overall 31.1% of families were diagnosed as dysfunctional, 11.3% were scored as low functioning, and 50.7% were classified as high functioning. In various cities, 21.2% to 40.6% of the families were diagnosed as dysfunctional, 6.5% to 16.6% were scored as low functioning, and 33.2% to 68% were classified as high functioning. Income per head and divorce predicted low family functioning. After controlling demographic variables, family functioning significantly predicted subjective happiness (ΔR2 = .17), depression (ΔR2 = .11), mental health (ΔR2 = .05) and physical health (ΔR2 = .02). More cross-cultural studies on Asian families were recommended for improving our understanding of family dynamics and functioning of Eastern families.

Classifying Disfluencies in Preschool- and School-Age Spanish–English Bilinguals Who Do Not Stutter: An Exploratory Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Raúl Rojas ◽  
Farzan Irani
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Narrative Production ◽  
Language Measures ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance

Purpose This exploratory study examined the language skills and the type and frequency of disfluencies in the spoken narrative production of Spanish–English bilingual children who do not stutter. Method A cross-sectional sample of 29 bilingual students (16 boys and 13 girls) enrolled in grades prekindergarten through Grade 4 produced a total of 58 narrative retell language samples in English and Spanish. Key outcome measures in each language included the percentage of normal (%ND) and stuttering-like (%SLD) disfluencies, percentage of words in mazes (%MzWds), number of total words, number of different words, and mean length of utterance in words. Results Cross-linguistic, pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences with medium effect sizes for %ND and %MzWds (both lower for English) as well as for number of different words (lower for Spanish). On average, the total percentage of mazed words was higher than 10% in both languages, a pattern driven primarily by %ND; %SLDs were below 1% in both languages. Multiple linear regression models for %ND and %SLD in each language indicated that %MzWds was the primary predictor across languages beyond other language measures and demographic variables. Conclusions The findings extend the evidence base with regard to the frequency and type of disfluencies that can be expected in bilingual children who do not stutter in grades prekindergarten to Grade 4. The data indicate that %MzWds and %ND can similarly index the normal disfluencies of bilingual children during narrative production. The potential clinical implications of the findings from this study are discussed.

An exploratory study from the patients' perspective of living with allergies

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
Wendy Zernike ◽  
Tracie Corish ◽  
Sylvia Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Patients Perspective
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