scholarly journals Normative data for Farsi-speaking Iranians in the United States on measures of executive functioning

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justina F. Avila ◽  
Steven P. Verney ◽  
Kaitlyn Kauzor ◽  
Amina Flowers ◽  
Maryam Mehradfar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals Social stress and risk of declining cognition: a longitudinal study of men and women in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jutta Lindert ◽  
Kimberley C. Paul ◽  
E. Lachman Margie ◽  
Beate Ritz ◽  
Teresa Seeman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
The United States ◽  
Subjective Social Status ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Men And Women

AbstractLimited research is available on the relationship between social stress and risk of declining cognition. We sought to examine whether social stress has adverse effects on risk of declining episodic memory and executive functioning in aging individuals. We used data from the MIDUS study, a national probability sample of non-institutionalized, English speaking respondents aged 25–74 living in the 48 contiguous states of the United States. The initial wave (1995) included 4963 non-institutionalized adults aged 32–84 (M = 55, SD = 12.4). We used an analytic sample from MIDUS-II (1996/1997) and MIDUS-III (2013) (n = 1821). The dependent variables are episodic memory and executive functioning, which were assessed with the Brief Test for Cognition (BTACT). The independent variables were social stress variables (subjective social status, family and marital stress, work stress and discrimination). To evaluate episodic memory and executive functioning changes over a time period of 10 years, we estimated adjusted linear regression models. Women report significantly lower subjective social status and more discrimination stress than men across all age groups. Controlling for education and income, age, and baseline episodic memory and executive functioning, lower subjective social status had additional adverse effects on declines in episodic memory in men and women. Marital risk had adverse effects on episodic memory in men but not in women. Daily discrimination had adverse effects on executive functioning on all individuals. Public health strategies should focus on reducing social stress in a socio-ecological perspective. Especially, subjective social status and discrimination stress might be a target for prevention efforts.

Normative data stratified by age and education for the Neuropsychological Screening Battery for Hispanics (NeSBHIS): Initial report

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel O. Pontón ◽  
Paul Satz ◽  
Lawrence Herrera ◽  
Freddy Ortiz ◽  
Carla P. Urrutia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Psychomotor Speed ◽  
Initial Report ◽  
Neuropsychological Screening ◽  
Screening Battery ◽  
Education Effects

AbstractNeuropsychological assessment of monolingual Spanish-speaking people in the United States is both a common practice and an ethical dilemma. Lack of appropriate tests, the absence of norms, use of interpreters, and the multiplicity of in-house translations of commonly used measures add to the problem of accurate assessment. This paper helps address the lack of appropriate measures for the neuropsychological assessment of Latinos in the United States by providing a standardization of the Neuropsychological Screening Battery for Hispanics (NeSBHIS). Normative data on a sample of 300 Hispanic subjects stratified by gender, age, and education are provided. Current results reveal that not one measure of cognitive functioning is free from education effects. Both nonverbal measures and psychomotor speed measures were highly related to education. Age effects were noted on measures of psychomotor speed, visuospatial reasoning, and visuoconstructive skills. Gender effects were found on measures of psychomotor speed and language, with males achieving higher scores than females. The limitations of the current findings are considered. Further research for the validation of the NeSBHIS with clinical populations, as well as further normative data collection at the national and international levels, is needed. (JINS, 1996, 2, 96–104.)

Analysis of PEDI Normative Data Between Spain and the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montserrat Santamaría-Vázquez ◽  
Ana María Águila Maturana ◽  
Valeriana Guijo Blanco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
The United States

The impact of social stress and strain on cognitive function in older people

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lindert ◽  
K C Paul ◽  
M Lachman ◽  
B Ritz ◽  
T Seeman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Social stress and strain, especially discrimination and inequality might have an impact on memory and cognitive function. This is a major concern for older individuals, their families, communities and societies. We sought to assess changes in episodic memory (EM) and executive functioning (EF) among men and women in the 'Midlife in the United States' (MIDUS) cohort study, to delineate variations in EM and EF by gender, and to determine the impact of social stress/strain at three levels (family, work, society) on longitudinal changes in EM and EF in men and women. Methods We used data from the MIDUS study - a national probability sample of non-institutionalized, English speaking respondents aged 25-74 living in the 48 contiguous states of the United States. The initial wave in our study (1995) included 4963 non-institutionalized adults aged 32 to 84 (M = 55, SD = 12.4). The dependent variables are EM and EF, which were assessed with the Brief Test for Cognition. The independent variables were social stress and discrimination variables at the family/partner level, the work level and the society level, assessed with validated discrimination measures. To assess cognition changes we estimated adjusted linear regression models. Results Women report more perceived inequality for their family and more family strain than men across all age groups. After controlling for other explanatory variables, the main effect on cognition for all age groups was found for perceived inequality of one's family opportunities. Conclusions Reducing social stress and providing opportunities might be an important measure to support episodic memory and executive functioning in aging populations.

Executive functions and health behaviors associated with the leading causes of death in the United States: A systematic review

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakary Reimann ◽  
Jacob R Miller ◽  
Kaitana M Dahle ◽  
Audrey P Hooper ◽  
Ashley M Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Behavior Change Interventions

Research indicates that executive functioning may predict health behavior. This systematic review provides an overview of the relationship between domains of executive functioning and health behaviors associated with the leading causes of death in the United States. A total of 114 articles met the inclusion criteria (adult sample, published in English between 1990 and November 2016) and were reviewed and synthesized. Results indicated that although many studies had mixed findings, at least one executive function component was associated with every health behavior. Based on these results, health professionals should consider the role of executive functions in behavior change interventions.

Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cultural Differences and Similarities in Executive Functioning in the United States

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianna Rea-Sandin ◽  
Kevin Michael Korous ◽  
José M. Causadias
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Cuban Americans

Executive functioning has important implications for multiple developmental processes and outcomes. However, the degree to which executive functioning varies between and within racial/ethnic groups in the United States is less understood. To address this issue, we will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of overall executive functioning and its three core components: inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Our goals are to: 1) examine differences across these components between Whites and minorities, as well as differences between- (e.g., African-Americans, Latinos) and within- (e.g., Latinos: Mexican-Americans, Cuban-Americans) minority groups; and 2) test potential moderators of these differences (e.g., sex, age, measure). We will address the implications of these findings in terms of support for the cultural differences and similarities hypotheses.

Which Speech Sound Norms Are Used in U.S. Public Schools? A Retrospective Survey Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (05) ◽  
pp. 384-394
Author(s):  
Kelly Farquharson ◽  
Kaia L. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Survey Analysis ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Web Based ◽  
School Based

AbstractNormative data concerning speech sound acquisition are widely and heavily used in the United States to determine eligibility for services. Normative studies differ in the age and geographic location of participants, which can limit applicability across the United States. In 2016, we queried school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in the United States using a web-based survey to determine which speech sound norms are used. Nine regions from the U.S. census were represented. The Iowa–Nebraska norms were most commonly reported. However, many SLPs were unable to name the source of the data that they used. More than 60% of the sample indicated that they referred to one source of normative data. Results of a logistic regression indicated that region of the United States predicted if SLPs used one or multiple sources. Specifically, SLPs in the West North Central region of the United States (which includes Iowa and Nebraska) were more likely to use only one source of data, the Iowa–Nebraska norms. We recommend that speech sound norms are less heavily relied upon for eligibility decisions, particularly due to the substantial variations in culture and dialect throughout the various regions of the United States.

scholarly journals Normative Functional Performance Values in High School Athletes: The Functional Pre-Participation Evaluation Project

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Onate ◽  
Cambrie Starkel ◽  
Daniel R. Clifton ◽  
Thomas M. Best ◽  
James Borchers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High School ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Grade Levels

Context:  The fourth edition of the Preparticipation Physical Evaluation recommends functional testing for the musculoskeletal portion of the examination; however, normative data across sex and grade level are limited. Establishing normative data can provide clinicians reference points with which to compare their patients, potentially aiding in the development of future injury-risk assessments and injury-mitigation programs. Objective:  To establish normative functional performance and limb-symmetry data for high school-aged male and female athletes in the United States. Design:  Cross-sectional study. Setting:  Athletic training facilities and gymnasiums across the United States. Patients or Other Participants:  A total of 3951 male and female athletes who participated on high school-sponsored basketball, football, lacrosse, or soccer teams enrolled in this nationwide study. Main Outcome Measure(s):  Functional performance testing consisted of 3 evaluations. Ankle-joint range of motion, balance, and lower extremity muscular power and landing control were assessed via the weight-bearing ankle-dorsiflexion–lunge, single-legged anterior-reach, and anterior single-legged hop-for-distance (SLHOP) tests, respectively. We used 2-way analyses of variance and χ2 analyses to examine the effects of sex and grade level on ankle-dorsiflexion–lunge, single-legged anterior-reach, and SLHOP test performance and symmetry. Results:  The SLHOP performance differed between sexes (males = 187.8% ± 33.1% of limb length, females = 157.5% ± 27.8% of limb length; t = 30.3, P < .001). A Cohen d value of 0.97 indicated a large effect of sex on SLHOP performance. We observed differences for SLHOP and ankle-dorsiflexion–lunge performance among grade levels, but these differences were not clinically meaningful. Conclusions:  We demonstrated differences in normative data for lower extremity functional performance during preparticipation physical evaluations across sex and grade levels. The results of this study will allow clinicians to compare sex- and grade-specific functional performances and implement approaches for preventing musculoskeletal injuries in high school-aged athletes.

scholarly journals Change in Cognitive Performance From Midlife Into Old Age: Findings from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 805-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew L. Hughes ◽  
Stefan Agrigoroaei ◽  
Minjeong Jeon ◽  
Molly Bruzzese ◽  
Margie E. Lachman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cognitive Domains

AbstractObjectives: A substantial body of research has documented age-related declines in cognitive abilities among adults over 60, yet there is much less known about changes in cognitive abilities during midlife. The goal was to examine longitudinal changes in multiple cognitive domains from early midlife through old age in a large national sample, the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Methods: The Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT) was administered on two occasions (MIDUS 2, MIDUS 3), an average of 9 years apart. At MIDUS 3, those with the cognitive assessment (N=2518) ranged in age from 42 to 92 years (M=64.30; SD=11.20) and had a mean education of 14.68 years (SD=2.63). The BTACT includes assessment of key aging-sensitive cognitive domains: immediate and delayed free recall, number series, category fluency, backward digit span, processing speed, and reaction time for attention switching and inhibitory control, which comprise two factors: episodic memory and executive functioning. Results: As predicted, all cognitive subtests and factors showed very small but significant declines over 9 years, with differences in the timing and extent of change. Processing speed showed the earliest and steepest decrements. Those with higher educational attainment scored better on all tests except reaction time. Men had better executive functioning and women performed better on episodic memory. Conclusions: Examining cognitive changes in midlife provides opportunities for early detection of cognitive impairments and possibilities for preventative interventions. (JINS, 2018, 24, 805–820)

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