scholarly journals Deliberation on Childhood Vaccination in Canada: Public Input on Ethical Trade-Offs in Vaccination Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Kieran C. O’Doherty ◽  
Sara Crann ◽  
Lucie Marisa Bucci ◽  
Michael M. Burgess ◽  
Apurv Chauhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Public Input ◽  
Ethical Trade ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Measles and Rubella during COVID-19 Pandemic: Future Challenges in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Kazuki Shimizu ◽  
Ayaka Teshima ◽  
Hiromi Mase
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Routine Childhood ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Epidemiological Trends

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted essential health services. Simultaneously, it has created opportunities for citizens to raise awareness of personal hygiene, mask wearing, and other preventive measures. This brief report aims to clarify the epidemiological trends of measles and rubella in Japan and to explore future challenges for controlling these diseases during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Although Japan eliminated measles in 2015, the number of measles patients has gradually increased since then, and reached 744 in 2019. In the 2010s, Japan experienced two large rubella epidemics, and the majority of the patients were reported in Tokyo and other metropolitan areas. While the transmission of measles and rubella seems to be suppressed during the COVID-19 pandemic, closing the gap in routine childhood vaccination will be challenging in any country. Moreover, supplementary immunization campaigns for adults have also been disrupted, and they must be invigorated. While the pandemic has a devastating effect on a global scale, it should be utilized as a good opportunity to regain faith in vaccines, implement an evidence-based vaccination policy, and strengthen international cooperation.

Cultural Worldview and Preference for Childhood Vaccination Policy

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoboo Song ◽  
Carol L. Silva ◽  
Hank C. Jenkins-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Cultural Worldview

scholarly journals On Assessing Trustworthy AI in Healthcare. Machine Learning as a Supportive Tool to Recognize Cardiac Arrest in Emergency Calls

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto V. Zicari ◽  
James Brusseau ◽  
Stig Nikolaj Blomberg ◽  
Helle Collatz Christensen ◽  
Megan Coffee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Ethical Trade ◽  
Emergency Calls ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Set Up ◽  
High Level ◽  
Applications Of Ai

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to greatly improve the delivery of healthcare and other services that advance population health and wellbeing. However, the use of AI in healthcare also brings potential risks that may cause unintended harm. To guide future developments in AI, the High-Level Expert Group on AI set up by the European Commission (EC), recently published ethics guidelines for what it terms “trustworthy” AI. These guidelines are aimed at a variety of stakeholders, especially guiding practitioners toward more ethical and more robust applications of AI. In line with efforts of the EC, AI ethics scholarship focuses increasingly on converting abstract principles into actionable recommendations. However, the interpretation, relevance, and implementation of trustworthy AI depend on the domain and the context in which the AI system is used. The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate how to use the general AI HLEG trustworthy AI guidelines in practice in the healthcare domain. To this end, we present a best practice of assessing the use of machine learning as a supportive tool to recognize cardiac arrest in emergency calls. The AI system under assessment is currently in use in the city of Copenhagen in Denmark. The assessment is accomplished by an independent team composed of philosophers, policy makers, social scientists, technical, legal, and medical experts. By leveraging an interdisciplinary team, we aim to expose the complex trade-offs and the necessity for such thorough human review when tackling socio-technical applications of AI in healthcare. For the assessment, we use a process to assess trustworthy AI, called 1Z-Inspection® to identify specific challenges and potential ethical trade-offs when we consider AI in practice.

BCG Vaccination Program mitigates COVID19 Related Mortality: A Reality check

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Pandita ◽  
Audesh Bhat ◽  
Anita Koul ◽  
Shashank K Singh
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Reality Check ◽  
The World ◽  
Related Mortality

: Since its origin in the Wuhan province of China in December 2019, Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has spread to most parts of the world and has infected millions of people. However, the significant variability in the mortality rate across the world indicates some underlying factors, especially the immunity factors that may have a potential role in this variability. One such factor that is being discussed and tested is the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. The available evidence suggests that BCG vaccination provides broad protection against respiratory infections as well as other infections. Therefore, BCG may prove to be a barrier for COVID-19 infection and may offer a ray of hope. In this review, we contrasted BCG vaccination program with COVID-19 mortality and analyzed trained immunity and cross protection against unrelated pathogens due to BCG vaccination. On analyzing the available data, we observed that countries without universal BCG vaccination policy are severely affected, while countries having universal BCG policies are less affected. Based on these data, we propose that the SARS-CoV-2 related qualified immunity, cross protection against unrelated pathogens and COVID-19 impact variations could be partly explained by the different national policies regarding BCG childhood vaccination. The combination of reduced morbidity and mortality may make BCG vaccination a potential new tool in the fight against COVID-19.

Japanese Childhood Vaccination Policy

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER DOSHI ◽  
AKIRA AKABAYASHI
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Childhood Vaccine ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination ◽  
Ethical Tension

The ethical tension in childhood vaccination policies is often framed as one of balancing the value of choice with the duty to protect. Because infectious diseases spread from person to person, unvaccinated children are usually described as putting others around them at risk, violating a perceived right to be protected from harm. Editors of Lancet Infectious Diseases recently argued against mandatory vaccination, reminding us that the resort to mandatory vaccination as a means of achieving high vaccination rates is still very much a topic of Western vaccine debates. The nation of Japan offers an interesting case study in childhood vaccination policy, as it has an entirely voluntary (opt-in) system that achieves high vaccination rates. In this paper, we offer an overview of Japanese childhood vaccine policy, suggest some ways to contextualize and understand how a voluntary system achieves high vaccination rates, and speculate on what the future of Japanese vaccination policymaking and government–public relations may hold.

Authenticity as (post-) modern ethics: An analysis of the New York Times’ Ethicist column

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The New York Times ◽  
Ethical Trade ◽  
Ethical Action ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Ethical Choices ◽  
A Site ◽  
Modern Era

As (post-) modern institutions multiply and become more abstract and fractured in their ethical prescriptions, individuals must learn navigate ethical ambiguity on their own. One way that this appears to be accomplished is through the pursuit of ‘authenticity’ within and across specific contexts. Based on a sample of 600 letters published between 2002 and 2014, this article explores the New York Times’ Ethicist column as a site where individuals grapple with personal responsibility to engage in ethical behavior, often doing so in the name of authenticity. Instead of relying on external institutions, to dictate ethical choices, such ethical trade-offs become the bones of one’s identity. This can result in tension between within-context authenticity that is derived from specific roles and relationships and across-context authenticity that transcends people and places. This tension is a defining feature of ethical action in the (post-) modern era.

scholarly journals Ethics and Childhood Vaccination Policy in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin S. Hendrix ◽  
Lynne A. Sturm ◽  
Gregory D. Zimet ◽  
Eric M. Meslin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Policy

Covid-19: A Trade-off between Political Economy and Ethics

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Policy Measure ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Ethical Trade ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Do So

Abstract This paper investigates the trade-off between economics and ethics applying them to “lockdowns” as a policy measure to counter the Covid-19-pandemic. This is an academic research on the nature and mechanism of trade-offs in so far as they apply to decision making. In the course of the line of inquiry pursued here, several different ways of trading off are assessed. In applying them to the pandemics, each yield a different answer to the adequacy of lockdowns as measures against the pandemic. The economic trade-off found “optimalcy” conditions, the utilitarian-ethical trade-off failed to do so revealing that there is a problem using “scientific evidence” as basis for such a trade-off. The value-ethical trade-off found out that lockdowns do not pass the test of proportionality within the usual constitutional framework.

scholarly journals Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Miller ◽  
Mac Josh Reandelar ◽  
Kimberly Fasciglione ◽  
Violeta Roumenova ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Population ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Late Start ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCOVID-19 has spread to most countries in the world. Puzzlingly, the impact of the disease is different in different countries. These differences are attributed to differences in cultural norms, mitigation efforts, and health infrastructure. Here we propose that national differences in COVID- 19 impact could be partially explained by the different national policies respect to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) childhood vaccination. BCG vaccination has been reported to offer broad protection to respiratory infections. We compared large number of countries BCG vaccination policies with the morbidity and mortality for COVID-19. We found that countries without universal policies of BCG vaccination (Italy, Nederland, USA) have been more severely affected compared to countries with universal and long-standing BCG policies. Countries that have a late start of universal BCG policy (Iran, 1984) had high mortality, consistent with the idea that BCG protects the vaccinated elderly population. We also found that BCG vaccination also reduced the number of reported COVID-19 cases in a country. The combination of reduced morbidity and mortality makes BCG vaccination a potential new tool in the fight against COVID-19.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document