scholarly journals The ubiquity of social reinforcement: A nudging exploratory study to reduce the overuse of smartphones in social contexts

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1880304
Author(s):  
Massimo Cesareo ◽  
Marco Tagliabue ◽  
Annalisa Oppo ◽  
Paolo Moderato
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Reinforcement

scholarly journals Modeling variation in empathic sensitivity using go/no-go social reinforcement learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine O'Connell ◽  
Marissa Walsh ◽  
Brandon Padgett ◽  
Sarah Connell ◽  
Abigail Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Social Reinforcement ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Study Partner ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Considerable Individual Variation ◽  
Gains And Losses

Empathic experiences shape social behaviors and display considerable individual variation. Recent advances in computational behavioral modeling can help rigorously quantify individual differences, but remain understudied in the context of empathy and antisocial behavior. We adapted a go/no-go reinforcement learning task across social and non-social contexts such that monetary gains and losses explicitly impacted the subject, a study partner, or no one. Empathy was operationalized as sensitivity to others’ rewards, sensitivity to others’ losses, and as the Pavlovian influence of empathic outcomes on approach and avoidance behavior. Results showed that 61 subjects learned for a partner in a way that was computationally similar to how they learned for themselves. Results supported the psychometric value of individualized model parameters such as sensitivity to others’ loss, which was inversely associated with antisociality. Modeled empathic sensitivity also mapped onto motivation ratings, but was not associated with self-reported trait empathy. This work is the first to apply a social reinforcement learning task that spans affect and action requirement (go/no-go) to measure multiple facets of empathic sensitivity.

scholarly journals Collaborative Relationships of Alternative Practitioners and Physicians in Israel: An Exploratory Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith T. Shuval
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Complementary Medicine ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Collaborative Relationships

This study considers social contexts in which complementary and biomedical health care providers practice in common organizational structures. The empirical data are drawn from Israel where there has been an ongoing proliferation in the number and variety of practitioners as well as in the consumers of complementary medicine.

Classifying Disfluencies in Preschool- and School-Age Spanish–English Bilinguals Who Do Not Stutter: An Exploratory Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Raúl Rojas ◽  
Farzan Irani
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Narrative Production ◽  
Language Measures ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance

Purpose This exploratory study examined the language skills and the type and frequency of disfluencies in the spoken narrative production of Spanish–English bilingual children who do not stutter. Method A cross-sectional sample of 29 bilingual students (16 boys and 13 girls) enrolled in grades prekindergarten through Grade 4 produced a total of 58 narrative retell language samples in English and Spanish. Key outcome measures in each language included the percentage of normal (%ND) and stuttering-like (%SLD) disfluencies, percentage of words in mazes (%MzWds), number of total words, number of different words, and mean length of utterance in words. Results Cross-linguistic, pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences with medium effect sizes for %ND and %MzWds (both lower for English) as well as for number of different words (lower for Spanish). On average, the total percentage of mazed words was higher than 10% in both languages, a pattern driven primarily by %ND; %SLDs were below 1% in both languages. Multiple linear regression models for %ND and %SLD in each language indicated that %MzWds was the primary predictor across languages beyond other language measures and demographic variables. Conclusions The findings extend the evidence base with regard to the frequency and type of disfluencies that can be expected in bilingual children who do not stutter in grades prekindergarten to Grade 4. The data indicate that %MzWds and %ND can similarly index the normal disfluencies of bilingual children during narrative production. The potential clinical implications of the findings from this study are discussed.

Linguistic Interactions: A Therapeutic Consideration for Adults With Aphasia

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Lynn E. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Social Communities ◽  
Wernicke's Aphasia ◽  
Communication Challenges ◽  
Therapeutic Consideration ◽  
Patterns Of Interaction ◽  
Structural Language

Abstract Linguistic interaction models suggest that interrelationships arise between structural language components and between structural and pragmatic components when language is used in social contexts. The linguist, David Crystal (1986, 1987), has proposed that these relationships are central, not peripheral, to achieving desired clinical outcomes. For individuals with severe communication challenges, erratic or unpredictable relationships between structural and pragmatic components can result in atypical patterns of interaction between them and members of their social communities, which may create a perception of disablement. This paper presents a case study of a woman with fluent, Wernicke's aphasia that illustrates how attention to patterns of linguistic interaction may enhance AAC intervention for adults with aphasia.

An exploratory study from the patients' perspective of living with allergies

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
Wendy Zernike ◽  
Tracie Corish ◽  
Sylvia Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Patients Perspective

Mental representation of economic crisis in Italian and Swiss samples 1The authors would like to thank Maurizio Mistri for his help in the construction of items. This research was supported by a grant from the Italian Murst (ex 40%).

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Savadori ◽  
Eraldo Nicotra ◽  
Rino Rumiati ◽  
Roberto Tamborini
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
National Context ◽  
Cluster Procedure ◽  
Total N ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Important Symptom

The content and structure of mental representation of economic crises were studied and the flexibility of the structure in different social contexts was tested. Italian and Swiss samples (Total N = 98) were compared with respect to their judgments as to how a series of concrete examples of events representing abstract indicators were relevant symptoms of economic crisis. Mental representations were derived using a cluster procedure. Results showed that the relevance of the indicators varied as a function of national context. The growth of unemployment was judged to be by far the most important symptom of an economic crisis but the Swiss sample judged bankruptcies as more symptomatic than Italians who considered inflation, raw material prices and external accounts to be more relevant. A different clustering structure was found for the two samples: the locations of unemployment and gross domestic production indicators were the main differences in representations.

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