Mental representation of economic crisis in Italian and Swiss samples 1The authors would like to thank Maurizio Mistri for his help in the construction of items. This research was supported by a grant from the Italian Murst (ex 40%).

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Savadori ◽  
Eraldo Nicotra ◽  
Rino Rumiati ◽  
Roberto Tamborini
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
National Context ◽  
Cluster Procedure ◽  
Total N ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Important Symptom

The content and structure of mental representation of economic crises were studied and the flexibility of the structure in different social contexts was tested. Italian and Swiss samples (Total N = 98) were compared with respect to their judgments as to how a series of concrete examples of events representing abstract indicators were relevant symptoms of economic crisis. Mental representations were derived using a cluster procedure. Results showed that the relevance of the indicators varied as a function of national context. The growth of unemployment was judged to be by far the most important symptom of an economic crisis but the Swiss sample judged bankruptcies as more symptomatic than Italians who considered inflation, raw material prices and external accounts to be more relevant. A different clustering structure was found for the two samples: the locations of unemployment and gross domestic production indicators were the main differences in representations.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Thermal Behavior of Kraft Lignins

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleš Ház ◽  
Michal Jablonský ◽  
Igor Šurina ◽  
František Kačík ◽  
Tatiana Bubeníková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Molecular Weight Distribution ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molecular Weight Determination ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Process Measurements

Lignin has great potential for utilization as a green raw material or as an additive in various industrial applications, such as energy, valuable chemicals, or cost-effective materials. In this study, we assessed a commercial form of lignin isolated using LignoBoost technology (LB lignin) as well as three other types of lignin (two samples of non-wood lignins and one hardwood kraft lignin) isolated from the waste liquors produced during the pulping process. Measurements were taken for elemental analysis, methoxyl and ash content, higher heating values, thermogravimetric analysis, and molecular weight determination. We found that the elemental composition of the isolated lignins affected their thermal stability, activation energies, and higher heating values. The lignin samples examined showed varying amounts of functional groups, inorganic component compositions, and molecular weight distributions. Mean activation energies ranged from 93 to 281 kJ/mol. Lignins with bimodal molecular weight distribution were thermally decomposed in two stages, whereas the LB lignin showing a unimodal molecular weight distribution was decomposed in a single thermal stage. Based on its thermal properties, the LB lignin may find direct applications in biocomposites where a higher thermal resistance is required.

scholarly journals Qualitative terpene profiling of Cannabis varieties cultivated for medical purposes

Rodriguésia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Diaz Rocha ◽  
Vitória EA Silva ◽  
Fernanda CS Pereira ◽  
Valery M Jean ◽  
Fabio L Costa Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Intermediate Type ◽  
Spectral Library ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract With the upcoming medical Cannabis regulation, quality control methods on raw material will be required. Besides testing for contaminants and potency, there are also pharmaceutical and forensic interests in the determination of the terpene profile in different strains of Cannabis as complementary identification methods. A simple non-destructive HS-SPME GC-MS method was used to identify the terpene content in twelve Cannabis samples, four of them were of the hemp type (Harle-tsu), seven from various marihuana types and one of the intermediate type. They all were previously analyzed by HPLC to determine the potency (THC and CBD content). Spectral library matching was used to identify the terpenes compounds. Thirty terpenes compounds were detected, nine of them were present in all Cannabis samples and used to find their terpene profile: α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, D-limonene, terpinolene, linalool, caryophyllene, α-bergamotene and humulene. Three of them, caryophyllene, α-pinene and β-myrcene were found as larger components in most of samples. A principal components analyses (PCA) was performed. The four hemp type samples showed two different profiles, two samples showed caryophyllene as main component and the others two with β-myrcene as such. The marihuana type samples showed wider profiles with no clear patterns at all, which is not surprising because of the low number of samples. The simple methodology shows viable to set the terpenes profile for analyses of raw Cannabis material. Suitability for differentiation between different sorts of types needs more studies, with increasing numbers of samples.

scholarly journals Intentionality: A philosophical-cognitive approach to mental representations

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (39) ◽  
pp. 819
Author(s):  
Cleverson Leite Bastos ◽  
Tomas Rodolfo Drunkenmolle
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Definition Of

This article critically analyses the notion of intentionality from several philosophical cognitive points of view. The authors argue that the notion of mental representation in the wider sense and intentionality in the narrower sense remains elusive despite accommodated paradoxes, improved semantic precision and more sophisticated strategies in dealing with intentionality. We will argue that different approaches to intentionality appear to be coherent in their inferences. However, most of them become contradictory and mutually exclusive when juxtaposed and applied to borderline questions. While the explanatory value of both philosophy of mind as well as cognitive psychology should not be underestimated, we must note that not even hard-core neuroscience has been able to pin point what is going on in our minds, let alone come up with a clear cut explanation how it works or a definition of what thought really is. To date, however, intentionality is the best of all explanatory models regarding mental representations.

The Effects of Auditors' Accessibility to “Tone at the Top” Knowledge on Audit Judgments

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regan N. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Decision Aid ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Control Environment ◽  
Audit Process ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Fraud Risk ◽  
Tone At The Top

ABSTRACT: This study examines how external auditors' accessibility to “tone at the top” knowledge impacts subsequent audit judgments. To examine this relationship, a decision aid is investigated that differentially facilitates the auditors' retrieval of “tone at the top” evidence from memory. Results of an experiment indicate that, holding the client's “tone at the top” constant, the structure of a control environment decision aid influences the auditors' mental representation of the “tone at the top.” Further, favorable “tone at the top” mental representations transfer to induce relatively favorable control environment and fraud risk assessments, and greater reliance on management's explanation for variances detected in analytical procedures. Mediation analyses identify the control environment assessment as a mediator between the influenced mental representation and the subsequent fraud risk and analytical procedure judgments. The results of the paper underscore the importance of how auditors develop their “tone at the top” mental representations, the influence of these mental representations on subsequent audit judgments, and the stage in the audit process where interventions can improve audit quality. Data Availability: Contact the author.

Producing a Mental Representation of a Cup of Sake

2019 ◽  
pp. 430-448
Author(s):  
Hiroki Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Average Person ◽  
Supporting Tool

In this chapter, methodologies for producing a mental representation of a cup of sake are introduced. Mental representations of taste are often vague and fuzzy in comparison to audio or visual images. On the other hand, some individuals, such as sommeliers or tasters of sake, are able to readily formulate a representation of the taste they experience. How can the average person produce words or other types of mental representations in such a situation? In this chapter, the author presents three methodologies for eliciting mental representations of taste: a new supporting tool for verbalizing an image of taste, an experimental method for testing a verbal and visual image for taste, and an experimental methodology for producing a free drawing representation of a cup of sake.

scholarly journals Application of Cost Reduction Tools in Manufacturing Organizations at Pokhara

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
Devilal Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Manufacturing Firm ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Manufacturing Organizations ◽  
Pokhara Valley

Today’s business organization’s success highly depends upon the satisfaction of customer needs and wants since it become the age of globalization. All the manufacturing organizations of Pokhara valley are needed to mass customize their product as the requirement of the customer and satisfy to their needs and wants. For this purpose, organizations have to use the modern technology. This study aims to evaluate the application of cost reduction tools in Nepalese manufacturing organizations with reference to Pokhara valley. Out of total manufacturing firm, only 10 organizations have been selected at least two samples from each stratum out of the target population. Primary data have been collected through the structured questionnaires by distributing it to the production manager or finance manager of the concerned organization. The information has been collected through unit visits. An empirical investigation has been conducted in order to find out various aspects of cost reduction tools. The major tool used for this purpose is the questionnaire. Nepalese manufacturing organizations are selecting the purchase of raw material, production planning and control as the area of reducing their cost. All of the organizations are conscious about TQM as the technique of cost reduction. Most of the organizations are applying product line rationalization, supply chain management, KAIZEN system, reengineering as the technique of cost reduction. Most of the organizations are not applying the Design for manufacturability and concurrent engineering, on demand lean production, build to order, part standardization, Just in Time production system as the tools of cost reduction. Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. 6 (December 2017), page: 45-59

scholarly journals Variation is information: Analyses of variation across items, participants, time, and methods in metalinguistic judgment data

Linguistics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-81
Author(s):  
Véronique Verhagen ◽  
Maria Mos ◽  
Joost Schilperoord ◽  
Ad Backus
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Judgment Data

AbstractIn a usage-based framework, variation is part and parcel of our linguistic experiences, and therefore also of our mental representations of language. In this article, we bring attention to variation as a source of information. Instead of discarding variation as mere noise, we examine what it can reveal about the representation and use of linguistic knowledge. By means of metalinguistic judgment data, we demonstrate how to quantify and interpret four types of variation: variation across items, participants, time, and methods. The data concern familiarity ratings assigned by 91 native speakers of Dutch to 79 Dutch prepositional phrases such as in de tuin ‘in the garden’ and rond de ingang ‘around the entrance’. Participants performed the judgment task twice within a period of one to two weeks, using either a 7-point Likert scale or a Magnitude Estimation scale. We explicate the principles according to which the different types of variation can be considered information about mental representation, and we show how they can be used to test hypotheses regarding linguistic representations.

scholarly journals Age Differences across Adulthood in Interpretations of Situations and Situation–Behaviour Contingencies for Big Five States

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik E. Noftle ◽  
Charleen J. Gust
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Total N ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Adult Personality ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Scant Attention

In the last two decades, a burgeoning literature has begun to clarify the processes underlying personality traits and momentary trait–relevant behaviour. However, such work has almost exclusively investigated these questions in young adults. During the same period, much has been learned about adult personality trait development but with scant attention to the momentary processes that contribute to development. The current work connects these two topics, testing developmental questions about adult age differences and thus examining how age matters to personality processes. The study examines how four important situation characteristics are experienced in everyday life and how situations covary with Big Five trait–relevant behaviour (i.e. situation–behaviour contingencies). Two samples were collected (total N = 316), each assessing three age groups: young, middle–aged, and older adults. Using experience sampling method, participants completed reports four or five times per day across a representative period of daily life. Results suggested age differences in how situations are experienced on average, in the variability around these average situation experiences, and in situation–behaviour contingencies. The results therefore highlight that, across adulthood, age groups experience chronically different situations, differ in how much the situations they experience vary moment to moment, and differ in how much situation experience predicts their enactment of traits. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology

Liberals Report Lower Levels of Attitudinal Ambivalence Than Conservatives

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062093979
Author(s):  
Leonard S. Newman ◽  
Rikki H. Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Political Liberalism ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Need For Closure ◽  
Total N ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Attitudinal Ambivalence ◽  
Political Conservatism ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Intolerance Of Ambiguity

Political conservatism has been shown to be positively correlated with intolerance of ambiguity, need for closure, and dogmatism and negatively correlated with openness to new experiences and uncertainty tolerance. Those findings suggest that conservatism should also be negatively correlated with attitudinal ambivalence; by definition, ambivalent attitudes are more complex and more tinged with uncertainty than univalent attitudes. However, little published research addresses this issue. The results of five studies (total N = 1,049 participants) reveal instead that political liberalism is negatively associated with ambivalence. This finding held for both subjective and potential (i.e., formula-based) measures of ambivalence and for both politicized and nonpoliticized attitude objects. Conservatives may prefer uncomplicated and consistent ways of thinking and feeling, but that preference might not necessarily be reflected in the actual consistency of their mental representations. Possible accounts for these findings are discussed.

The Influence of Web-Writing Styles on Reader' Mental Text Representation

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (21) ◽  
pp. 1841-1845
Author(s):  
Tuan Q. Tran ◽  
Peter D. Elgin ◽  
Keith S. Jones ◽  
Kimberly R. Raddatz ◽  
Elizabeth T. Cady
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Text Representation ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Association Task ◽  
Distance Educators

The increasingly popular avenue of web-based distance education places high demand on distance educators to format web pages that facilitate learning. Guidelines regarding appropriate writing styles for web-based distance education, however, do not currently exist. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of four different writing styles on the reader's mental representation of web text. Participants will study hypertext written in one of four web-writing styles (e.g., concise, scannable, objective, and combined) and then be given a cued association task intended to measure participants' mental representations of the studied information. It is hypothesized that the scannable and combined styles will bias readers to scan rather than elaborately read which may result in less dense mental representations relative to the objective and concise writing styles. Further, the use of more descriptors in the objective writing style will lead to better integration of ideas and more dense mental representations than the concise writing style.

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