Inspection times, the change task, and the rapid-response selection task

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1031-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell J. Roberts ◽  
Elizabeth J. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Rapid Response ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Inspection Time ◽  
Analytic Framework ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Change Task

Three experiments are reported, which are based upon the Wason four-card selection task inspection time paradigm, in which subjects solve computer-presented trials while using a mouse to indicate the card currently under consideration. Evans (1996) had shown that selected cards were inspected for longer than non-selected cards, and this was taken as support for the existence of pre-conscious heuristic processes that direct attention towards relevant aspects of a problem. However, Roberts (1998b) suggested that this inspection time effect is artefactual, due to task format induced biases. Experiment 1 utilized a “change” task: Cards were presented either as selected or not selected, and subjects changed these where necessary. This demonstrated an association between card selection and inspection time independently of one between the act of response and inspection time. Experiment 2 utilized a standard selection task, but subjects either responded within 2 s of each card presentation, or made selections with no time pressure. The curtailment of thinking time increased matching behaviour—more cards matching the terms in the rules were selected—and was replicated in Experiment 3 using a within-subjects design. Overall, the data support Evans’ heuristic-analytic framework albeit with some caveats.

Inspection Times and the Selection Task: What do Eye-Movements Reveal about Relevance Effects?

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1053-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linden J. Ball ◽  
Erica J. Lucas ◽  
Jeremy N. V. Miles ◽  
Alastair G. Gale
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Inspection Time ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Eye Movement Tracking ◽  
Selection Tasks ◽  
Movement Tracking ◽  
Mouse Pointing

Three experiments are reported that used eye-movement tracking to investigate the inspection-time effect predicted by Evans’ (1996) heuristic-analytic account of the Wason selection task. Evans’ account proposes that card selections are based on the operation of relevance-determining heuristics, whilst analytic processing only rationalizes selections. As such, longer inspection times should be associated with selected cards (which are subjected to rationalization) than with rejected cards. Evidence for this effect has been provided by Evans (1996) using computer- presented selection tasks and instructions for participants to indicate (with a mouse pointer) cards under consideration. Roberts (1998b) has argued that mouse pointing gives rise to artefactual support for Evans’ predictions because of biases associated with the task format and the use of mouse pointing. We eradicated all sources of artefact by combining careful task constructions with eye-movement tracking to measure directly on-line attentional processing. All three experiments produced good evidence for the robustness of the inspection-time effect, supporting the predictions of the heuristic-analytic account.

Rapid Response Teams: Qualitative Analysis of Their Effectiveness

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Searle Leach ◽  
Ann M. Mayo
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Rapid Response Team ◽  
Rapid Response ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Rapid Response Teams ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Response Team ◽  
Patients At Risk

Background Multidisciplinary rapid response teams focus on patients’ emergent needs and manage critical situations to prevent avoidable deaths. Although research has focused primarily on outcomes, studies of the actual team effectiveness within the teams from multiple perspectives have been limited. Objective To describe effectiveness of rapid response teams in a large teaching hospital in California that had been using such teams for 5 years. Methods The grounded-theory method was used to discover if substantive theory might emerge from interview and/or observational data. Purposeful sampling was used to conduct in-person semistructured interviews with 17 key informants. Convenience sampling was used for the 9 observed events that involved a rapid response team. Analysis involved use of a concept or indicator model to generate empirical results from the data. Data were coded, compared, and contrasted, and, when appropriate, relationships between concepts were formed. Results Dimensions of effective team performance included the concepts of organizational culture, team structure, expertise, communication, and teamwork. Conclusions Professionals involved reported that rapid response teams functioned well in managing patients at risk or in crisis; however, unique challenges were identified. Teams were loosely coupled because of the inconsistency of team members from day to day. Team members had little opportunity to develop relationships or team skills. The need for team training may be greater than that among teams that work together regularly under less time pressure to perform. Communication between team members and managing a crisis were critical aspects of an effective response team.

scholarly journals Integrating Mind and Body in a Response Selection Task: From Neural Decisions to Mouse Trajectories...and Back Again

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron T. Buss ◽  
Tim Wifall ◽  
Gregor Schoener ◽  
Eliot Hazeltine ◽  
John P. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Response Selection ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Mind And Body

The Anterior Cingulate and Reward-Guided Selection of Actions

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 1161-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Hadland ◽  
M.F.S. Rushworth ◽  
D. Gaffan ◽  
R. E. Passingham
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Conditional Response ◽  
Visual Discrimination Learning ◽  
Selection Of

Macaques were taught a reward-conditional response selection task; they learned to associate each of two different actions to each of two different rewards and to select actions that were appropriate for particular rewards. They were also taught a visual discrimination learning task. Cingulate lesions significantly impaired selection of responses associated with different rewards but did not interfere with visual discrimination learning or performance. The results suggest that 1) the cingulate cortex is concerned with action reward associations and not limited to just detecting when actions lead to errors and 2) that the cingulate cortex's function is limited to action reinforcer associations and it is not concerned with stimulus reward associations.

The influence of response grouping on free-choice decision making in a response selection task

2010 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Khan ◽  
Stuart Mourton ◽  
Eric Buckolz ◽  
Jos J. Adam ◽  
Amy E. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Choice Decision

Interference with Performance of a Response Selection Task that has no Working Memory Component: An rTMS Comparison of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal and Medial Frontal Cortex

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1097-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Hadland ◽  
M. F. S. Rushworth ◽  
R. E. Passingham ◽  
M. Jahanshahi ◽  
J. C. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
Medial Frontal Cortex ◽  
Memory Element ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

It has been suggested that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is involved in free selection (FS), the process by which subjects themselves decide what action to perform. Evidence for this proposal has been provided by imaging studies showing activation of the DLPFC when subjects randomly generate responses. However, these response selection tasks have a hidden working memory element and it has been widely reported that the DLPFC is activated when subjects perform tasks which involve working memory. The primary aim of this experiment was to establish if the DLPFC is genuinely involved in response selection. We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to investigate whether temporary interference of the DLPFC could disrupt performance of a response selection task that had no working memory component. Subjects performed tasks in which they made bimanual sequences of eight nonrepeating finger movements. In the FS task, subjects chose their movements at random while a computer monitor displayed these moves. This visual feedback obviated the need for subjects to maintain their previous moves “on-line.” No selection was required for the two control tasks as responses were cued by the visual display. The attentional demands of the control tasks varied. In the high load (HL) version, subjects had to maintain their attention throughout the sequence, but this requirement was absent in the low load (LL) task. rTMS over the DLPFC slowed response times on the FS task and at the end of the sequence on the HL task, but had no effect on the LL task. rTMS over the medial frontal cortex (MFC) slowed response times on the FS task but had no effect on the HL task. This suggests that a response selection task without a working memory load will depend on the DLPFC and the MFC. The difference appears to be that the DLPFC is important when selecting between competing responses or when concentrating if there is a high attentional demand, but that the MFC is only important during the response selection task.

Response-selection Conflict Contributes to Inhibition of Return

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 991-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Prime ◽  
Pierre Jolicoeur
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
False Alarm ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Relative Response ◽  
Potential Component ◽  
The Relationship

Here we examined the relationship between inhibition of return (IOR) and response-selection conflict. In two go/no-go and spatial-cueing experiments, we measured the amplitude of the fronto-central N2 event-related potential component to estimate the degree of response-selection conflict for validly cued and invalidly cued targets. When the probability of a go target was high (Experiment 1), both the amplitude of the N2 elicited on no-go trials and the number of false alarm errors were greater on invalid-cue than on valid-cue trials. When the probability of a go target was low (Experiment 2), neither of these effects was observed and the magnitude of the IOR effect was greatly reduced. These results show that a relative response bias toward responding on invalid-cue trials contributes to the IOR reaction time effect when the required response is prepotent.

Organizational Crisis Communication: Suboptimal Crisis Response Selection Decisions and Behavioral Economics

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
An-Sofie Claeys ◽  
W Timothy Coombs
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Crisis Communication ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Organizational Crisis ◽  
Crisis Response Strategy ◽  
The Moment

Abstract Organizations in crisis often fail to select the optimal crisis response strategy, preferring strategies that avoid short-term losses over the ones that offer long-term gains. This article proposes a descriptive theory of behavioral crisis communication that uses principles of behavioral economics to explain the recurrence of suboptimal anomalies found in crisis communication. Based on decision-making literature we first argue that the distinct context in which crisis communication takes place (e.g., time pressure, information overload) determines whether or not decisions are made in an analytical or an intuitive manner. Behavioral economics further allows us to explain how intuitive decisions can sometimes be biased by heuristics, which can result in the choice for a suboptimal crisis response strategy in the heat of the moment.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF VISUAL SOURCES AND TIME PRESSURE ON ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION AND ATTRACTIVENESS THROUGH THE ADVERTISEMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nhu-Y Tran ◽  
Iván Alvarez León
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Customer Perceptions ◽  
Environmental Features ◽  
Successful Design ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Value Of Marketing

The main objective of this study was to capture and analyses the role of visual resources and time pressure as they affect customer behaviour in the hospitality industry. This study examined effective reactions on booking time and type based on vacation advertisements. The research method had a 3 x2 within-subjects design with 6 experimental conditions obtained by crossing the levels of two independent variables: 1) Time pressure (i.e., exact date, number of days left and counting-down timing); 2) Visual source (i.e., video and picture). The study designed a self-report questionnaire based on 8 socio-demographic items and three conceptual elements, such as the facility quality, environmental features and promotional attractiveness. This research provided data regarding the differences in visual source and time pressure in marketing promotion. It showed that videos had more impact on customer perceptions regarding the facility quality and environmental features. The study outlines the value of marketing strategies in building content and successful design in differentiating a resort from the competition and offering a positive experience (low investment yielding high return) for millennial.

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