Effects of Sodium Chloride Applications and Different Growth Media on Ionic Composition in Strawberry Plant

The flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia has been grown only in highly complex media under reduced oxygen tension. Therefore, the organic and physiological requirements for in vitro attachment and short-term (12-h) survival of this organism were determined. In defined maintenance media, a thiol reducing agent (e.g., cysteine) was absolutely required for attachment and survival of this aerotolerant anaerobe. The crude bovine serum Cohn III fraction greatly stimulated attachment and survival. Attachment was decreased at a reduced temperature (24 degrees C as compared with 35.5 degrees C) and absent at 12 degrees C or below. Attachment and survival were strongly dependent upon pH and ionic strength, with optima at pH 6.85 to 7.0 and 200 to 300 mosmol/kg. Sodium chloride was better tolerated than KC1. Reduction of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to below 10(-8) M did not significantly affect attachment.

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Osmolarity-independent electrical cues guide rapid response to injury in zebrafish epidermis

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.62386 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrew S Kennard ◽

Julie A Theriot

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Tissue Injury ◽

Osmotic Shock ◽

Ionic Composition ◽

Electrical Potential ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Wound Response ◽

Cell Swelling ◽

Detection Mechanism ◽

Skin Cells

The ability of epithelial tissues to heal after injury is essential for animal life, yet the mechanisms by which epithelial cells sense tissue damage are incompletely understood. In aquatic organisms such as zebrafish, osmotic shock following injury is believed to be an early and potent activator of a wound response. We find that, in addition to sensing osmolarity, basal skin cells in zebrafish larvae are also sensitive to changes in the particular ionic composition of their surroundings after wounding, specifically the concentration of sodium chloride in the immediate vicinity of the wound. This sodium chloride-specific wound detection mechanism is independent of cell swelling, and instead is suggestive of a mechanism by which cells sense changes in the transepithelial electrical potential generated by the transport of sodium and chloride ions across the skin. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that electric fields directly applied within the skin are sufficient to initiate actin polarization and migration of basal cells in their native epithelial context in vivo, even overriding endogenous wound signaling. This suggests that, in order to mount a robust wound response, skin cells respond to both osmotic and electrical perturbations arising from tissue injury.

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Effect of Salt Shock on Stability of λimm434 Lysogens

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.01857-06 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 189 (8) ◽

pp. 3115-3123 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Paul Shkilnyj ◽

Gerald B. Koudelka

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Ionic Composition ◽

Monovalent Cation ◽

Growth Media ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Salt Shock ◽

Phage Production ◽

Bacteriophage 434 ◽

Bacteriophage 434 Repressor ◽

434 Repressor

ABSTRACT The affinities of the bacteriophage 434 repressor for its various binding sites depend on the type and/or concentration of monovalent cations. The ability of bacteriophage 434 repressor to govern the lysis-lysogeny decision depends on the DNA binding activities of the phage's cI repressor protein. We wished to determine whether changes in the intracellular ionic environment influence the lysis-lysogeny decision of the bacteriophage λ imm434 . Our findings show that the ionic composition within bacterial cells varies with the cation concentration in the growth media. When λ imm434 lysogens were grown to mid-log or stationary phase and subsequently incubated in media with increasing monovalent salt concentrations, we observed a salt concentration-dependent increase in the frequency of bacteriophage spontaneous induction. We also found that the frequency of spontaneous induction varied with the type of monovalent cation in the medium. The salt-dependent increase in phage production was unaffected by a recA mutation. These findings indicate that the salt-dependent increase in phage production is not caused by activation of the SOS pathway. Instead, our evidence suggests that salt stress induces this lysogenic bacteriophage by interfering with 434 repressor-DNA interactions. We speculate that the salt-dependent increase in spontaneous induction is due to a direct effect on the repressor's affinity for DNA. Regardless of the precise mechanism, our findings demonstrate that salt stress can regulate the phage lysis-lysogeny switch.

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Shallow groundwaters in weathered volcanic, granitic and sedimentary rocks in relation to dryland salinity in southern New South Wales

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9850355 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 355 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

RH Gunn

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

New South ◽

Ionic Composition ◽

New South Wales ◽

Sedimentary Rocks ◽

Water Levels ◽

Granitic Rocks ◽

Secondary Salinization ◽

South Wales ◽

Salt Affected Soils

Soils affected by secondary salinization were studied in six areas on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. All the salt-affected areas are underlain by, or occur in close proximity to, deeply weathered volcanic, granitic and sedimentary rocks which commonly contain stores of soluble salts, dominantly sodium chloride. The chemical composition of shallow groundwaters in the areas was monitored by piezometers for periods of up to two years. Water levels in the piezometers responded rapidly to rainfall, but the ionic composition of the waters generally remained fairly uniform. All waters are dominated by sodium chloride; those with the highest contents occurred in volcanic and granitic rocks, followed by Ordovician sediments and the lowest contents were in Silurian sediments. The chlorine contents in samples of weathered rocks follow a similar sequence. Electron microprobe analyses indicate that the chlorine-bearing minerals in the unaltered rocks are principally biotite, hornblende and potassium, sodium and calcium feldspars. No salt-affected soils were found in areas underlain by unweathered rocks.

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Osmolarity-independent electrical cues guide rapid response to injury in zebrafish epidermis

10.1101/2020.08.05.237792 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew S. Kennard ◽

Julie A. Theriot

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Tissue Injury ◽

Osmotic Shock ◽

Ionic Composition ◽

Electrical Potential ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Wound Response ◽

Cell Swelling ◽

Detection Mechanism ◽

Skin Cells

AbstractThe ability of epithelial tissues to heal after injury is essential for animal life, yet the mechanisms by which epithelial cells sense tissue damage are incompletely understood. In aquatic organisms such as zebrafish, osmotic shock following injury is believed to be an early and potent activator of a wound response. We find that, in addition to sensing osmolarity, basal skin cells in zebrafish larvae are also sensitive to changes in the particular ionic composition of their surroundings after wounding, specifically the concentration of sodium chloride in the immediate vicinity of the wound. This sodium chloride-specific wound detection mechanism is independent of cell swelling, and instead is suggestive of a mechanism by which cells sense changes in the transepithelial electrical potential generated by the transport of sodium and chloride ions across the skin. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that electric fields directly applied within the skin are sufficient to initiate actin polarization and migration of basal cells in their native epithelial context in vivo, even overriding endogenous wound signaling. This suggests that, in order to mount a robust wound response, skin cells respond to both osmotic and electrical perturbations arising from tissue injury.

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CAPSULATION OF PROPIONIBACTERIUM1

Journal of Milk and Food Technology ◽

10.4315/0022-2747-37.6.314 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 37 (6) ◽

pp. 314-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

L. O. Skogen ◽

G. W. Reinbold ◽

E. R. Vedamuthu

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Thin Layer ◽

Direct Evidence ◽

Growth Media ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Capsule Formation ◽

India Ink ◽

Growth Adjustment ◽

Incubation Temperatures ◽

Capsular Material

Strains of nine species of Propionibacterium were examined for slime and/or capsule formation. Direct evidence of capsules was demonstrated by negative staining with India ink. Changes in viscosity of growth media, estimated using an Ostwald viscosimeter, were related to capsule or slime production. Mucoid colony production provided further evidence of slime formation. Under the criteria and experimental conditions adopted, at least one strain of each species and 34 of 82 strains formed slime. Incubation temperatures of 15 and 21 C which are less than optimal for growth, adjustment of media pH above neutrality, addition of sodium chloride, and as many as 11 different carbohydrates were conducive to slime formation. Paper and thin-layer chromatographic analyses of acid-hydrolyzed capsular material indicated that it contained mannose and lesser amounts of glucose and galactose.

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THE EFFECT OF YEAST EXTRACT AND CASITONE ON THE RESPONSE TO SALT OF THE MICROFLORA OF A HIGHLY SALINE SOIL

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m67-190 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1427-1432 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Paulina Keller ◽

Y. Henis

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Red Sea ◽

Yeast Extract ◽

Salt Concentration ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Soil Extract ◽

Growth Media ◽

Partial Recovery ◽

Initial Dilution ◽

Soil Extract Agar

Salt-dependent, salt-resistant, and salt-sensitive bacteria were found at depths of 0–50 cm in a hydrohalomorphic soil near the shore of the Red Sea. Highest counts were obtained on soil-extract agar supplemented with 5% sodium chloride, 0.02% yeast extract, and 0.04% Casitone. Most of the bacteria, upon initial isolation, failed to grow on counting media containing 5% or 10% sodium chloride unless yeast extract and Casitone were present. However, all isolates, randomly selected from the counting medium containing 10% sodium chloride and supplemented with yeast extract and Casitone, did not need these supplements when transferred onto a new medium of the same salt concentration.Bacterial counts were significantly affected by the salt concentration of both the diluting solution and the growth media. It was concluded that the addition of yeast extract and Casitone to the growth media resulted in a partial recovery and protection of the cells from damage occurring during the initial dilution and plating procedure.

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Deleterious Impact of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Toxicity on Chemical Properties of Soil and Ionic Composition of Rice

Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.1.169.175 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hafiz Muhammad Wasim ◽

Ghulam Sarwar ◽

Noor-Us Sabah ◽

Mukkram Ali Tahir ◽

Muhammad Aftab ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Ionic Composition ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Nacl Toxicity ◽

Properties Of Soil

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Influence of water mineralization and dissolved main cations on survival, size and seismosensory characteristics of perch fry (Perca fluviatilis L.)

Veterinaria i kormlenie ◽

10.30917/att-vk-1814-9588-2021-1-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

B.G. Kotegov

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Fresh Water ◽

Ionic Composition ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Perca Fluviatilis ◽

Water Mineralization ◽

Mineralized Water ◽

Influence Of Water ◽

Oxygen Conditions ◽

Hydrochemical Conditions

Within two months the growing of the perch fry Perca fluviatilis L. carried out in the aquarium experiment. Fertilized eggs of this fish species were taken from the spawning ground of a small and unpolluted natural reservoir and placed in laboratory conditions for subsequent incubation under different hydrochemical conditions. Experimental groups of perch were created in two replicates that developed under control conditions with a water salinity of 160 mg/l, under conditions of fresh water diluted to 100 mg/l, and under conditions with water whose salinity was increased relative to the control to 400 mg/l in three different ways - by adding calcium, magnesium or sodium chloride salts. Temperature, light, and oxygen conditions for growing fry in all groups were the same. The perch larvae were fed first with small natural zooplankton, then with artificially grown nauplia of Artemia; perch fry - with tubificid from vermiculture. The average survival rates of late larvae and early fry of perch in the second half of the experiment were maximal in the groups that developed under hydrochemical conditions with the addition of Na+ and Mg2+ (73% and 67%), and minimal in the groups that developed in the least mineralized water (46%). At the end of the experiment, the surviving fry from the groups affected by the increased content of sodium chloride had statistically significantly (p < 0.05) larger linear sizes than the fry from the control groups and groups that developed in the least mineralized water. Perch fry from the groups affected by increased concentrations of Ca2+ were characterized by a statistically significant (p < 0.05) smaller number of pores in the infraorbital and mandibular seismosensory canals of the head, compared with fry formed in conditions of least water mineralization and the minimal content of this main cation in it. Thus, salinity values and features of the ionic composition of fresh water can significantly affect the development of perch fry, which should be taken into account when breeding it in aquaculture.

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Attachment of the flagellate Giardia lamblia: role of reducing agents, serum, temperature, and ionic composition.

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.2.4.369 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 369-377 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

F D Gillin ◽

D S Reiner

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Ionic Strength ◽

Oxygen Tension ◽

Giardia Lamblia ◽

Bovine Serum ◽

Ionic Composition ◽

Short Term ◽

Reduced Temperature

The flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia has been grown only in highly complex media under reduced oxygen tension. Therefore, the organic and physiological requirements for in vitro attachment and short-term (12-h) survival of this organism were determined. In defined maintenance media, a thiol reducing agent (e.g., cysteine) was absolutely required for attachment and survival of this aerotolerant anaerobe. The crude bovine serum Cohn III fraction greatly stimulated attachment and survival. Attachment was decreased at a reduced temperature (24 degrees C as compared with 35.5 degrees C) and absent at 12 degrees C or below. Attachment and survival were strongly dependent upon pH and ionic strength, with optima at pH 6.85 to 7.0 and 200 to 300 mosmol/kg. Sodium chloride was better tolerated than KC1. Reduction of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to below 10(-8) M did not significantly affect attachment.

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