scholarly journals Transport of exogenous fluorescent phosphatidylserine analogue to the Golgi apparatus in cultured fibroblasts.

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Kobayashi ◽  
Y Arakawa
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Intracellular Distribution ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Monolayer Cultures ◽  
Structural Analogues

We have examined intracellular transport and metabolism of the fluorescent analogue of phosphatidylserine, 1-palmitoyl-2-(N-[12[(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-yl)amino] dodecanoyl])-phosphatidylserine ([palmitoyl-C12-NBD]-PS) in cultured fibroblasts. When monolayer cultures were incubated with liposomes containing (palmitoyl-C12-NBD)-PS at 37 degrees C, fluorescent PS was transported to the Golgi apparatus. NBD-containing analogues of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), or phosphatidic acid did not accumulate in the Golgi apparatus under the same experimental conditions. We suggest that the transport is not due to endocytosis, but is the result of incorporation and trans-bilayer movement of the (palmitoyl-C12-NBD)-PS at the plasma membrane followed by translocation of the lipid from plasma membrane to the Golgi apparatus via nonvesicular mechanisms. Uptake of fluorescent PS was inhibited by depletion of cellular ATP and was blocked by structural analogues of the lipid or by pretreatment of cells with glutaraldehyde or N-ethylmaleimide. After incorporation into the cell, fluorescent PS was metabolized to fluorescent PE. The intracellular distribution of fluorescence changed during the conversion. In addition to the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria also became labeled.

Regulation of the intracellular distribution of cytoplasmic dynein by serum factors and calcium

1993 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.X. Lin ◽  
C.A. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Cytoplasmic Dynein ◽  
Serum Starvation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
Mitotic Apparatus ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Serum Factors ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
Punctate Staining

Previous work has indicated that cytoplasmic dynein localizes primarily to lysosomes in cultured fibroblasts, consistent with a function for dynein in retrograde movement. We now show that dynein can be redistributed from a lysosome-associated pool to a more diffuse cytoplasmic pool upon shifting fibroblasts to culture medium lacking serum for several hours. This effect on dynein localization is readily reversed upon addition of serum, with a substantial return to a control appearance of punctate staining within 10 minutes. The serum effect appears to be selective for dynein, in that the localization of kinesin and the overall morphology of intracellular organelles does not change. However, the distribution of kinesin-positive vesicles and lysosomes does appear to be altered during serum starvation, in that these organelles are located to greater extents in the peripheral regions of the cell. Dynein is also associated with the mitotic apparatus, but this localization does not change in response to serum starvation. Removal of calcium from the extracellular medium also results in the loss of punctate dynein staining, which can be recovered upon addition of calcium to calcium-free medium. The redistribution of dynein observed under these experimental conditions may reflect the activity of a regulatory process controlling the association of dynein with organelles, thereby providing one means of modulating intracellular transport.

scholarly journals Effect of microtubule assembly status on the intracellular processing and surface expression of an integral protein of the plasma membrane.

1984 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 1101-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
A A Rogalski ◽  
J E Bergmann ◽  
S J Singer
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Temperature Shift ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Microtubule Assembly ◽  
In Cells

We studied the effects of changes in microtubule assembly status upon the intracellular transport of an integral membrane protein from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane. The protein was the G glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus in cells infected with the Orsay-45 temperature-sensitive mutant of the virus; the synchronous intracellular transport of the G protein could be initiated by a temperature shift-down protocol. The intracellular and surface-expressed G protein were separately detected and localized in the same cells at different times after the temperature shift, by double-immunofluorescence microscopic measurements, and the extent of sialylation of the G protein at different times was quantitated by immunoprecipitation and SDS PAGE of [35S]methionine-labeled cell extracts. Neither complete disassembly of the cytoplasmic microtubules by nocodazole treatment, nor the radical reorganization of microtubules upon taxol treatment, led to any perceptible changes in the rate or extent of G protein sialylation, nor to any marked changes in the rate or extent of surface appearance of the G protein. However, whereas in control cells the surface expression of G was polarized, at membrane regions in juxtaposition to the perinuclear compact Golgi apparatus, in cells with disassembled microtubules the surface expression of the G protein was uniform, corresponding to the intracellular dispersal of the elements of the Golgi apparatus. The mechanisms of transfer of integral proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, and from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane, are discussed in the light of these observations, and compared with earlier studies of the intracellular transport of secretory proteins.

scholarly journals Kinetics of intracellular transport and sorting of lysosomal membrane and plasma membrane proteins.

1987 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 1227-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Green ◽  
K P Zimmer ◽  
G Griffiths ◽  
I Mellman
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Fc Receptor ◽  
Lysosomal Membrane ◽  
Plasma Membrane Proteins ◽  
Kinetics Of

We have used monospecific antisera to two lysosomal membrane glycoproteins, lgp120 and a similar protein, lgp110, to compare the biosynthesis and intracellular transport of lysosomal membrane components, plasma membrane proteins, and lysosomal enzymes. In J774 cells and NRK cells, newly synthesized lysosomal membrane and plasma membrane proteins (the IgG1/IgG2b Fc receptor or influenza virus hemagglutinin) were transported through the Golgi apparatus (defined by acquisition of resistance to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H) with the same kinetics (t1/2 = 11-14 min). In addition, immunoelectron microscopy of normal rat kidney cells showed that lgp120 and vesicular stomatitis virus G-protein were present in the same Golgi cisternae demonstrating that lysosomal and plasma membrane proteins were not sorted either before or during transport through the Golgi apparatus. To define the site at which sorting occurred, we compared the kinetics of transport of lysosomal and plasma membrane proteins and a lysosomal enzyme to their respective destinations. Newly synthesized proteins were detected in dense lysosomes (lgp's and beta-glucuronidase) or on the cell surface (Fc receptor or hemagglutinin) after the same lag period (20-25 min), and accumulated at their final destinations with similar kinetics (t1/2 = 30-45 min), suggesting that these two lgp's are not transported to the plasma membrane before reaching lysosomes. This was further supported by measurements of the transport of membrane-bound endocytic markers from the cell surface to lysosomes, which exhibited additional lag periods of 5-15 min and half-times of 1.5-2 h. The time required for transport of newly synthesized plasma membrane proteins to the cell surface, and for the transport of plasma membrane markers from the cell surface to lysosomes would appear too long to account for the rapid transport of lgp's from the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes. Thus, the observed kinetics suggest that lysosomal membrane proteins are sorted from plasma membrane proteins at a post-Golgi intracellular site, possibly the trans Golgi network, before their delivery to lysosomes.

scholarly journals Lipid recycling between the plasma membrane and intracellular compartments: transport and metabolism of fluorescent sphingomyelin analogues in cultured fibroblasts.

1989 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 2169-2181 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Koval ◽  
R E Pagano
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Cell Periphery ◽  
Perinuclear Region ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Plasma Membrane Lipid ◽  
Intracellular Compartments ◽  
Fluorescent Lipid

We examined the metabolism and intracellular transport of the D-erythro and L-threo stereoisomers of a fluorescent analogue of sphingomyelin, N-(N-[6-[(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino] caproyl])-sphingosylphosphorylcholine (C6-NBD-SM), in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) fibroblast monolayers. C6-NBD-SM was integrated into the plasma membrane bilayer by transfer of C6-NBD-SM monomers from liposomes to cells at 7 degrees C. The cells were washed, and within 10-15 min of being warmed to 37 degrees C, C6-NBD-SM was internalized from the plasma membrane to a perinuclear location that colocalized with the centriole and was distinct from the lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus. This perinuclear region was also labeled by internalized rhodamine-conjugated transferrin. C6-NBD-SM endocytosis was not inhibited when the microtubules were disrupted with nocodazole; rather, the fluorescent lipid was distributed in vesicles throughout the cell periphery instead of being internalized to the perinuclear region of the cell. The metabolism of C6-NBD-SM to other fluorescent sphingolipids at 37 degrees C and its effect on C6-NBD-SM transport was also examined. To study plasma membrane lipid recycling, C6-NBD-SM was first inserted into the plasma membrane of CHO-K1 cells and then allowed to be internalized by the cells at 37 degrees C. Any C6-NBD-SM remaining at the plasma membrane was then removed by incubation with nonfluorescent liposomes at 7 degrees C, leaving cells containing only internalized fluorescent lipid. The return of C6-NBD-SM to the plasma membrane from intracellular compartments upon further 37 degrees C incubation was then observed. The half-time for a complete round C6-NBD-SM recycling between the plasma membrane and intracellular compartments was approximately 40 min. Pretreatment of cells with either monensin or nocodazole did not inhibit C6-NBD-SM recycling.

scholarly journals Neoplasia Driven by Mutant c-KIT Is Mediated by Intracellular, Not Plasma Membrane, Receptor Signaling

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhifu Xiang ◽  
Frederike Kreisel ◽  
Jennifer Cain ◽  
AnnaLynn Colson ◽  
Michael H. Tomasson
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Cellular Transformation ◽  
Membrane Receptor ◽  
Receptor Signaling ◽  
Kit Mutation ◽  
Plasma Membrane Receptor ◽  
Species Specific

ABSTRACT Activating mutations in c-KIT are associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumors, mastocytosis, and acute myeloid leukemia. In attempting to establish a murine model of human KITD816V (hKITD816V )-mediated leukemia, we uncovered an unexpected relationship between cellular transformation and intracellular trafficking. We found that transport of hKITD816V protein was blocked at the endoplasmic reticulum in a species-specific fashion. We exploited these species-specific trafficking differences and a set of localization domain-tagged KIT mutants to explore the relationship between subcellular localization of mutant KIT and cellular transformation. The protein products of fully transforming KIT mutants localized to the Golgi apparatus and to a lesser extent the plasma membrane. Domain-tagged KITD816V targeted to the Golgi apparatus remained constitutively active and transforming. Chemical inhibition of intracellular transport demonstrated that Golgi localization is sufficient, but plasma membrane localization is dispensable, for downstream signaling mediated by KIT mutation. When expressed in murine bone marrow, endoplasmic reticulum-localized hKITD816V failed to induce disease in mice, while expression of either Golgi-localized HyKITD816V or cytosol-localized, ectodomain-deleted KITD816V uniformly caused fatal myeloproliferative diseases. Taken together, these data demonstrate that intracellular, non-plasma membrane receptor signaling is sufficient to drive neoplasia caused by mutant c-KIT and provide the first animal model of myelomonocytic neoplasia initiated by human KITD816V .

scholarly journals Intracellular translocation of fluorescent sphingolipids in cultured fibroblasts: endogenously synthesized sphingomyelin and glucocerebroside analogues pass through the Golgi apparatus en route to the plasma membrane.

1985 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
N G Lipsky ◽  
R E Pagano
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Fluorescent Labeling ◽  
Lung Fibroblasts ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Back Exchange ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Intracellular Translocation

When monolayer cultures of Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts are briefly incubated at 2 degrees C with the fluorescent sphingolipid analogue, C6-NBD-ceramide (N- [7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole)] aminocaproyl sphingosine), fluorescent labeling of the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclear envelope occur. During further incubation at 37 degrees C, the Golgi apparatus, and later the plasma membrane, become intensely fluorescent. Within this period, the C6-NBD-ceramide is converted to equal amounts of fluorescent sphingomyelin and glucocerebroside (Lipsky, N. G., and R. E. Pagano, 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 80:2608-2612). In the present study, the intracellular translocation of these metabolites and their subsequent appearance at the plasma membrane were investigated by fluorescence microscopy, the addition of the ionophore monensin, and the technique of "back exchange," in which the amounts and types of fluorescent lipids present at the cell surface are identified after their transfer from the cell surface into recipient vesicles. In control cells, the amount of fluorescent glucocerebroside and sphingomyelin that could be removed from the cell surface by back exchange increased during incubation at 37 degrees C, correlating with the increased fluorescence of the plasma membrane observed by microscopy. In the presence of 10 microM monensin, visible labeling of the plasma membrane was greatly diminished, whereas the Golgi apparatus became highly fluorescent and distended. The ability to remove fluorescent metabolites from the cell surface by back exchange was significantly but reversibly inhibited by monensin. Monensin also increased the total amount of fluorescent sphingomyelin, but not the glucocerebroside found in cells. Subcellular fractions were assayed for their ability to convert radiolabeled and fluorescent ceramides to the corresponding sphingomyelins and glucocerebrosides. The activities of parallel fractions coincided, suggesting that the presence of the NBD moiety did not affect the cellular metabolism of ceramide. Furthermore, the major peak of sphingomyelin- and glucocerebroside-synthesizing activity appeared to coincide with an enriched Golgi fraction. These results strongly suggest that fluorescent sphingomyelin was not synthesized at the plasma membrane as has recently been suggested for endogenous sphingomyelin. Rather, both the sphingomyelin and glucocerebroside analogues were synthesized intracellularly from C6-NBD-ceramide and translocated through the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface.

scholarly journals Viral glycoproteins destined for apical or basolateral plasma membrane domains traverse the same Golgi apparatus during their intracellular transport in doubly infected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.

1984 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 1304-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Rindler ◽  
I E Ivanov ◽  
H Plesken ◽  
E Rodriguez-Boulan ◽  
D D Sabatini
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Mdck Cells ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Apical Plasma Membrane ◽  
Madin Darby Canine Kidney ◽  
Darby Canine Kidney ◽  
Canine Kidney

Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells can sustain double infection with pairs of viruses of opposite budding polarity (simian virus 5 [SV5] and vesicular stomatitis virus [VSV] or influenza and VSV), and we observed that in such cells the envelope glycoproteins of the two viruses are synthesized simultaneously and assembled into virions at their characteristic sites. Influenza and SV5 budded exclusively from the apical plasma membrane of the cells, while VSV emerged only from the basolateral surfaces. Immunoelectron microscopic examination of doubly infected MDCK cells showed that the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and the VSV G glycoproteins traverse the same Golgi apparatus and even the same Golgi cisternae. This indicates that the pathways of the two proteins towards the plasma membrane do not diverge before passage through the Golgi apparatus and therefore that critical sorting steps must take place during or after passage of the glycoproteins through this organelle. After its passage through the Golgi, the HA accumulated primarily at the apical membrane, where influenza virion assembly occurred. A small fraction of HA did, however, appear on the lateral surface and was incorporated into the envelope of budding VSV virions. Although predominantly found on the basolateral surface, significant amounts of G protein were observed on the apical plasma membrane well before disruption of the tight junctions was detectable. Nevertheless, assembly of VSV virions was restricted to the basolateral domain and in doubly infected cells the G protein was only infrequently incorporated into the envelope of budding influenza virions. These observations indicate that the site of VSV budding is not determined exclusively by the presence of G polypeptides. Therefore, it is likely that, at least for VSV, other cellular or viral components are responsible for the selection of the appropriate budding domain.

scholarly journals Differences in intracellular transport of a fluorescent phosphatidylcholine analog in established cell lines

1989 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G. Sleight ◽  
M.N. Abanto
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
Intracellular Lipid ◽  
Intracellular Vesicles ◽  
Fluorescent Lipid

The transport and metabolism of a fluorescent phosphatidylcholine analog, 1-palmitoyl-2-(N-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole)- aminocaproyl-phosphatidylcholine [palmitoyl, C6-NBD)-PC), in BHK, CHO-K1, CHO-15B, MDCK, VA-2, Vero, V79 and WI-38 cells has been investigated. When liposomes containing (palmitoyl, C6-NBD)-PC were incubated with cells at 2 degrees C, spontaneous transfer of the fluorescent lipid from the liposomes to the cells' plasma membranes occurred. Most of the lipid transferred to the cells could be removed by incubating the cells in the presence of nonfluorescent liposomes or media containing 10% serum, suggesting that the fluorescent probe resided exclusively in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane at 2 degrees C. After insertion into the plasma membrane, internalization of (palmitoyl, C6-NBD)-PC occurred when the cells were warmed to 37 degrees C. This resulted in four different labeling patterns: (1) little or no internalization of (palmitoyl, C6-NBD)-PC into punctate vesicles was observed in Vero cells. (2) Transport of (palmitoyl, C6-NBD)-PC to the region of the Golgi apparatus and to a small number of intracellular vesicles was observed in both V79 and CHO-K1 cell lines. (3) A large number of fluorescently labeled intracellular vesicles with little or no labeling in the region of the Golgi apparatus appeared after the internalization of (palmitoyl, C6-NBD)-PC in BHK, CHO-15B, MDCK and WI-38 cell lines. (4) Accumulation of (palmitoyl, C6-NBD)-PC in small vesicles, mitochondria and the nuclear envelope was observed in VA-2 cells. In addition, cells having a defect in glycoprotein processing and those transformed with simian virus 40 (SV40) internalized the fluorescent lipid probe differently compared with parental lines. Neither differences in rates of endocytosis nor rates of (palmitoyl, C6-NBD)-PC degradation between cell types appears to cause the observed dissimilarities in intracellular lipid transport. We suggest that these different cell types may have dissimilar pathways of intracellular lipid trafficking or differential regulation of a common transport pathway, and that the predominant pathway of lipid translocation can be altered in cells by changing the composition of their glycoproteins or by viral transformation.

scholarly journals Intracellular localization of fibronectin by immunoelectron microscopy.

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 953-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
S S Yamada ◽  
K M Yamada ◽  
M C Willingham
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Ultrastructural Localization ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Extracellular Glycoprotein

We have localized fibronectin, a major extracellular glycoprotein of cultured fibroblasts, in chick embryo fibroblasts at the ultrastructural level using affinity-purified antibodies to fibronectin. The use of a ferritin bridge procedure permitted quantitation of localization in various organelles. These results provide the first intracellular ultrastructural localization of fibronectin. Extracellular labeling was confined to aggregates and fibrils, with little or no labeling of the plasma membrane. The principal sites of intracellular localization were the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Treatment of cells with the protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and pactamycin reduced fibronectin localization in the endoplasmic reticulum to 50% of normal levels. Removal of cycloheximide permitted recovery of labeling to 85% of control levels in the endoplasmic reticulum. Similar, but much reduced, changes also occurred in the Golgi apparatus.

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