scholarly journals Phosphatidylethanolamine critically supports internalization of cell-penetrating protein C inhibitor

2007 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Baumgärtner ◽  
Margarethe Geiger ◽  
Susanne Zieseniss ◽  
Julia Malleier ◽  
James A. Huntington ◽  
...  

Although their contribution remains unclear, lipids may facilitate noncanonical routes of protein internalization into cells such as those used by cell-penetrating proteins. We show that protein C inhibitor (PCI), a serine protease inhibitor (serpin), rapidly transverses the plasma membrane, which persists at low temperatures and enables its nuclear targeting in vitro and in vivo. Cell membrane translocation of PCI necessarily requires phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). In parallel, PCI acts as a lipid transferase for PE. The internalized serpin promotes phagocytosis of bacteria, thus suggesting a function in host defense. Membrane insertion of PCI depends on the conical shape of PE and is associated with the formation of restricted aqueous compartments within the membrane. Gain- and loss-of-function mutations indicate that the transmembrane passage of PCI requires a branched cavity between its helices H and D, which, according to docking studies, precisely accommodates PE. Our findings show that its specific shape enables cell surface PE to drive plasma membrane translocation of cell-penetrating PCI.

Blood ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 2290-2295 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Laurell ◽  
J Stenflo ◽  
TH Carlson

Abstract The rates of clearance and catabolism of human protein C inhibitor (PCI) and human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and their complexes with human activated protein C (APC) were studied in the rabbit. The radioiodinated-free inhibitors had biologic half-lives of 23.4 and 62.1 hours, respectively, while the corresponding *I-labeled activated- protein C complexes were cleared with half-lives of 19.6 +/- 3.1 and 72.2 +/- 6.1 minutes. Complex clearances were linked to their catabolism as shown by a correlation between clearance and the appearance of free radioiodine in the plasma. Thus, the difference in the rates of catabolism would result in a fivefold greater amount of alpha 1-AT-APC complex than PCI-APC complex 1 hour after the formation of equal amounts of these in vivo. These results lead to the conclusion that the relative contribution of PCI and alpha 1-AT to the physiologic inhibition of APC cannot be determined only from the rates of the formation of these complexes in vitro, or from measurement of their levels in plasma. The APC-PCI complex is unstable as compared with the APC-alpha 1-AT complex, compounding the problem of estimating rates of complex formation from their levels in plasma.


Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 722-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Geiger ◽  
K Huber ◽  
J Wojta ◽  
L Stingl ◽  
F Espana ◽  
...  

Abstract Protein C inhibitor (PCI) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 3 (PAI-3; urinary urokinase inhibitor) are immunologically identical. The role of PCI for urokinase (uPA) inhibition in vivo was investigated. We therefore developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for uPA-PCI complexes: Rabbit anti-PCI IgG was immobilized on a microtiter plate and following incubation with uPA-PCI complex- containing samples, bound uPA-PCI complexes were quantified with a horseradish-peroxidase-linked monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to uPA. Using this assay, time, dose, and heparin-dependent complexes were detected when uPA was incubated with normal plasma or purified urinary PCI, whereas no complexes were measurable using PCI-immunodepleted plasma. Plasma samples (containing 20 mmol/L benzamidine to prevent complex formation ex vivo) from patients undergoing systemic urokinase therapy (1 x 10(6) IU/60 min intravenously [IV]) after myocardial infarction were also studied. uPA present in these plasma samples (up to 1,200 ng/mL) had only 43% to 70% of the specific activity of purified 2-chain uPA, suggesting that a major portion of uPA is complexed to inhibitors. In these plasma samples uPA-PCI complexes were present in a concentration corresponding to 21% to 25% of inactive uPA antigen. These data suggest that at high uPA concentrations, such as during uPA therapy, plasma PCI might contribute significantly to uPA inhibition in vivo.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e0143137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Einfinger ◽  
Sigrun Badrnya ◽  
Margareta Furtmüller ◽  
Daniela Handschuh ◽  
Herbert Lindner ◽  
...  

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1387
Author(s):  
Meihua Ju ◽  
Sofia Ioannidou ◽  
Peter Munro ◽  
Olli Rämö ◽  
Helena Vihinen ◽  
...  

Fenestrae are transcellular plasma membrane pores that mediate blood–tissue exchange in specialised vascular endothelia. The composition and biogenesis of the fenestra remain enigmatic. We isolated and characterised the protein composition of large patches of fenestrated plasma membrane, termed sieve plates. Loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that two components of the sieve plate, moesin and annexin II, were positive and negative regulators of fenestra formation, respectively. Biochemical analyses showed that moesin is involved in the formation of an actin–fodrin submembrane cytoskeleton that was essential for fenestra formation. The link between the fodrin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane involved the fenestral pore protein PV-1 and Na,K-ATPase, which is a key regulator of signalling during fenestra formation both in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide a conceptual framework for fenestra biogenesis, linking the dynamic changes in plasma membrane remodelling to the formation of a submembrane cytoskeletal signalling complex.


2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 8259-8272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Hergovich ◽  
Samuel J. Bichsel ◽  
Brian A. Hemmings

ABSTRACT Human nuclear Dbf2-related kinases (NDRs) are up-regulated in certain cancer types, yet their precise function(s) and regulatory mechanism(s) still remain to be defined. Here, we show that active (phosphorylated on Thr444) and inactive human NDRs are both mainly cytoplasmic. Moreover, NDR kinases colocalize at the plasma membrane with human MOBs (hMOBs), which are recently described coactivators of human NDR in vitro. Strikingly, membrane targeting of NDR results in a constitutively active kinase due to phosphorylation on Ser281 and Thr444 that is further activated upon coexpression of hMOBs. Membrane-targeted hMOBs also robustly promoted activation of NDR. We further demonstrate that the in vivo activation of human NDR by membrane-bound hMOBs is dependent on their interaction and occurs solely at the membrane. By using a chimeric molecule of hMOB, which allows inducible membrane translocation, we found that NDR phosphorylation and activation at the membrane occur a few minutes after association of hMOB with membranous structures. We provide insight into a potential in vivo mechanism of NDR activation through rapid recruitment to the plasma membrane mediated by hMOBs.


1984 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 138-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Mammen

ZusammenfassungProtein C oder Autoprothrombin II-A ist ein Vitamin-K-abhängiges Glykoprotein mit einem Molekulargewicht von etwa 62000 Dalton. Seine Aminosäurensequenz und andere physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften haben eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit mit Faktor X. Es kann in vitro durch Thrombin, Trypsin und das Gift der Russell-Viper in seine enzymatische Form, Protein Ca, umgewandelt werden. In seiner aktiven Form ist Protein C ein doppelkettiges Protein, das das aktive enzymatische Zentrum mit Serin in der schweren Kette hat und eine Anzahl γ-Karboxyglutaminsäure-residuen an der leichten Kette.Die In-vivo-Aktivierung des Protein C durch Thrombin bedarf der Anwesenheit eines gefäßwandständigen Proteins, Thrombomodulin. Das an Thrombomodulin gebundene Thrombin (äquimolare Komplexe) verliert seine Gerinnungsaktivität und seine Plättchenwirkung, nimmt jedoch eine neue Aktivität an, nämlich Protein C in Ca umzuwandeln. Diese Aktivierung erfolgt in Gegenwart von Kalziumionen an Oberflächen. Antithrombin III kann auch das an Thrombomodulin gebundene Thrombin inaktivieren. Eine alternative, jedoch langsamere Protein-C-Aktivie-rung scheint durch Thrombin und Faktor Va möglich zu sein.Protein Ca hemmt die Gerinnung, indem es proteolytisch die Faktoren Va und Villa zerstört. In dieser Reaktion übernimmt ein weiteres Vitamin-K-abhängiges Protein, Protein S, eine Kofaktorfunktion. Protein Ca aktiviert auch das fibrinolytische System, indem es den Plasminogengewebsakti-vator von der Gefäßwand freisetzt.Protein Ca wird durch einen spezifischen Protein-Ca-Inhibitor im Plasma inaktiviert, wobei eine ähnliche Komplexbildung zustande kommt, wie sie für Antithrombin und seine zu inaktivierenden Enzyme bekannt ist.Protein C kann immunologisch (Laureil und ELISA-Technik) und funktionell (synthetische Substrate) bestimmt werden, wobei das Fehlen von Thrombomodulin die funktionellen Methoden unsicher macht.Protein S, das als Kofaktor für Protein Ca dient, ist auch ein Vitamin-K-abhängiges Glykoprotein mit einem Molekulargewicht von etwa 69000 Dalton. Neben seiner Kofak-toraktivität für Protein Ca kann es offenbar das hochmolekulare C4b-Bindeprotein an Oberflächen binden und somit die Aktivierung des Komplementsystems an Zelloberflächen steuern.Angeborene und erworbene Pro-tein-C-Mangelzustände führen zu schweren rezidivierenden venösen Thromboembolien, die klinisch dem Antithrombinmangel ähneln. Der angeborene Protein-C-Mangel hat einen autosomal dominanten Erbgang, und die meisten beschriebenen Fälle waren heterozygot. Homozygote Pro-tein-C-Mangelzustände führen zu massiven, tödlichen Thrombosen. Heterozygote Patienten können mit oralen Antikoagulantien und mit Heparin behandelt werden. Einige Patienten erlitten Haut- und Fettnekrosen während der Einleitung der Therapie mit oralen Antikoagulantien. Diese beruhen möglicherweise auf dem schnellen Aktivitätsabfall von Protein C im Plasma.Der erste Fall von angeborenem Protein-S-Mangel ist ebenfalls durch rezidivierende venöse Thromboembolien gekennzeichnet.Die Hypothese, daß die autosomal dominanten Faktor-V/VIII-Kombina-tionsdefekte auf einem Mangel von Protein-C-Inhibitor beruhen, hat sich als nicht richtig erwiesen.


Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 722-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Geiger ◽  
K Huber ◽  
J Wojta ◽  
L Stingl ◽  
F Espana ◽  
...  

Protein C inhibitor (PCI) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 3 (PAI-3; urinary urokinase inhibitor) are immunologically identical. The role of PCI for urokinase (uPA) inhibition in vivo was investigated. We therefore developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for uPA-PCI complexes: Rabbit anti-PCI IgG was immobilized on a microtiter plate and following incubation with uPA-PCI complex- containing samples, bound uPA-PCI complexes were quantified with a horseradish-peroxidase-linked monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to uPA. Using this assay, time, dose, and heparin-dependent complexes were detected when uPA was incubated with normal plasma or purified urinary PCI, whereas no complexes were measurable using PCI-immunodepleted plasma. Plasma samples (containing 20 mmol/L benzamidine to prevent complex formation ex vivo) from patients undergoing systemic urokinase therapy (1 x 10(6) IU/60 min intravenously [IV]) after myocardial infarction were also studied. uPA present in these plasma samples (up to 1,200 ng/mL) had only 43% to 70% of the specific activity of purified 2-chain uPA, suggesting that a major portion of uPA is complexed to inhibitors. In these plasma samples uPA-PCI complexes were present in a concentration corresponding to 21% to 25% of inactive uPA antigen. These data suggest that at high uPA concentrations, such as during uPA therapy, plasma PCI might contribute significantly to uPA inhibition in vivo.


Blood ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 2290-2295
Author(s):  
M Laurell ◽  
J Stenflo ◽  
TH Carlson

The rates of clearance and catabolism of human protein C inhibitor (PCI) and human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) and their complexes with human activated protein C (APC) were studied in the rabbit. The radioiodinated-free inhibitors had biologic half-lives of 23.4 and 62.1 hours, respectively, while the corresponding *I-labeled activated- protein C complexes were cleared with half-lives of 19.6 +/- 3.1 and 72.2 +/- 6.1 minutes. Complex clearances were linked to their catabolism as shown by a correlation between clearance and the appearance of free radioiodine in the plasma. Thus, the difference in the rates of catabolism would result in a fivefold greater amount of alpha 1-AT-APC complex than PCI-APC complex 1 hour after the formation of equal amounts of these in vivo. These results lead to the conclusion that the relative contribution of PCI and alpha 1-AT to the physiologic inhibition of APC cannot be determined only from the rates of the formation of these complexes in vitro, or from measurement of their levels in plasma. The APC-PCI complex is unstable as compared with the APC-alpha 1-AT complex, compounding the problem of estimating rates of complex formation from their levels in plasma.


2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangshu Liu ◽  
Donghoon M. Lee ◽  
Cao Guo Yu ◽  
Stephane Angers ◽  
Tony J. C. Harris

Cytohesin Arf-GEFs are conserved plasma membrane regulators. The sole Drosophila cytohesin, Steppke, restrains Rho1-dependent membrane cytoskeleton activity at the base of plasma membrane furrows of the syncytial embryo. By mass spectrometry, we identified a single major Steppke-interacting protein from syncytial embryos, which we named Stepping stone (Sstn). By sequence, Sstn seems to be a divergent homologue of the mammalian cytohesin adaptor FRMD4A. Our experiments supported this relationship. Specifically, heterophilic coiled-coil interactions linked Sstn and Steppke in vivo and in vitro, whereas a separate C-terminal region was required for Sstn localization to furrows. Sstn mutant and RNAi embryos displayed abnormal, Rho1-dependent membrane cytoskeleton expansion from the base of pseudocleavage and cellularization furrows, closely mimicking Steppke loss-of-function embryos. Elevating Sstn furrow levels had no effect on the steppke phenotype, but elevating Steppke furrow levels reversed the sstn phenotype, suggesting that Steppke acts downstream of Sstn and that additional mechanisms can recruit Steppke to furrows. Finally, the coiled-coil domain of Steppke was required for Sstn binding and in addition homodimerization, and its removal disrupted Steppke furrow localization and activity in vivo. Overall we propose that Sstn acts as a cytohesin adaptor that promotes Steppke activity for localized membrane cytoskeleton restraint in the syncytial Drosophila embryo.


2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-221
Author(s):  
Haroon Khan ◽  
Muhammad Zafar ◽  
Helena Den-Haan ◽  
Horacio Perez-Sanchez ◽  
Mohammad Amjad Kamal

Aim and Objective: Lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes play an important role in the pathophysiology of several inflammatory and allergic diseases including bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inhibitors of the LOX are believed to be an ideal approach in the treatment of diseases caused by its over-expression. In this regard, several synthetic and natural agents are under investigation worldwide. Alkaloids are the most thoroughly investigated class of natural compounds with outstanding past in clinically useful drugs. In this article, we have discussed various alkaloids of plant origin that have already shown lipoxygenase inhibition in-vitro with possible correlation in in silico studies. Materials and Methods: Molecular docking studies were performed using MOE (Molecular Operating Environment) software. Among the ten reported LOX alkaloids inhibitors, derived from plant, compounds 4, 2, 3 and 1 showed excellent docking scores and receptor sensitivity. Result and Conclusion: These compounds already exhibited in vitro lipoxygenase inhibition and the MOE results strongly correlated with the experimental results. On the basis of these in vitro assays and computer aided results, we suggest that these compounds need further detail in vivo studies and clinical trial for the discovery of new more effective and safe lipoxygenase inhibitors. In conclusion, these results might be useful in the design of new and potential lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors.


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