scholarly journals STUDIES ON THYMUS FUNCTION

1970 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osias Stutman ◽  
Edmond J. Yunis ◽  
Robert A. Good
Keyword(s):  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
Cooperative Effect ◽  
Embryonic Liver ◽  
Thymic Function ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Thymic Stroma ◽  
Humoral Activity

Significant immunological restoration of 45-day old, neonatally thymectomized C3Hf mice was obtained by the cooperation of syngeneic newborn or embryonic hemopoietic liver cells with thymic function. Thymic function or cells alone are almost ineffective or restore approximately 10% of the animals. Newborn liver cells are effective in association with thymus grafts or humoral thymic function (thymoma grafts and thymus or thymomas in diffusion chambers). Embryonic liver cells are ineffective, even in large numbers, when associated with humoral thymic function. On the other hand, embryonic liver cells are effective in the cooperative effect only in association with viable thymus grafts, preferably syngeneic, whether the grafts were placed subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or under the kidney capsule. Dispersed viable thymic cells are ineffective in association with embryonic liver cells. Cells capable of cooperating with humoral thymic function start to appear to embryonic liver by day 19–21 of gestation and are detectable until day 5–6 postbirth. Embryonic hemopoietic liver cells from 12 to 18 days of gestation contain cells capable of cooperation only with viable free thymus grafts and not with humoral thymic function. A prethymic cell population of partially differentiated cells of hemopoietic origin, insensitive to humoral activity of the thymus but requiring thymic stroma and traffic through the thymus is postulated to explain our results. This population of prethymic cells can become postthymic through this process and eventually develop into competent cells. Postthymic cells are characterized by their sensitivity to humoral activity of the thymus and by their wide distribution in the lymphohemopoietic tissues of newborn and young adult mice.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THYMUS FUNCTION

1970 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osias Stutman ◽  
Edmond J. Yunis ◽  
Robert A. Good
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Cooperative Effect ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Thymic Function ◽  
Thymus Cells ◽  
Humoral Activity

Immunological restoration of 45-day old, neonatally thymectomized C3Hf mice by treatment with humoral thymic function (thymoma grafts, thymus or thymoma in diffusion chambers) ranges from 0 to 12% and is difficult to acheive. When small numbers (5–20 x 106) of young adult lymphohemopoietic cells, ineffective by themselves, are given in association with humoral thymic function, a cooperative effect is observed and restoration ranges from 30 to 60%. With a particular cell dosage (20 x 106), effectivity for cooperation with thymic function was the following in decreasing order: spleen, lymph nodes, thoracic duct cells, bone marrow, blood leukocytes, thymus, and Peyer's patch cells. Comparable results were obtained using spleen, thymus, and hemopoietic liver from newborn donors in association with thymic function. For similar cell dosages, newborn thymus cells were more effective than adult thymus in their cooperative effect with thymic function. Dispersed thymus cells in association with young adult bone marrow or newborn hemopoietic liver cells showed no synergism for the cooperative effect with thymic function in the present model. Using hemiallogeneic cells (F1 hybrid into parent) it was possible to show that restoration was mediated by proliferative expansion of the injected cells. This was indicated by specific tolerance to tissues of the other parental strain and by cellular chimerism, especially of lymphoid tissues, as indicated by chromosome markers and absence of significant numbers of immunocompetent cells of host origin. A population of paritally differentiated cells of hemopoietic origin, termed postthymic, sensitive to humoral activity of the thymus and present in the lymphohemopoietic tissues of adult and newborn mice is postulated to explain our results. These cells are postthymic and thymus dependent in the sense that they already received thymic influence, probably through traffic, and are incapable of self-renewal in absence of the thymus. Sensitivity to humoral activity of the thymus is characterized by proliferative expansion and/or a differentiative process eventually leading to larger numbers of competent cells.

Nitric Oxide Protects Murine Embryonic Liver Cells (BNL CL.2) from Cytotoxicity Induced by Glucose Deprivation

2000 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Ock Pae ◽  
Hong-Gone Kim ◽  
Young-Suk Paik ◽  
Sang-Gi Paik ◽  
Young-Myeong Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Glucose Deprivation ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
Embryonic Liver

scholarly journals Nitric Oxide Protects Murine Embryonic Liver Cells (BNL CL.2) from Cytotoxicity Induced by Glucose Deprivation

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-144
Author(s):  
Hyun-Ock Pae ◽  
Hong-Gone Kim ◽  
Young-Suk Paik ◽  
Sang-Gi Paik ◽  
Young-Myeong Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Glucose Deprivation ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
Embryonic Liver

scholarly journals FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH BACTERIUM PULLORUM. THE TOXICITY OF INFECTED EGGS

1916 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo F. Rettger ◽  
Thomas G. Hull ◽  
William S. Sturges
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Poultry Breeding ◽  
Viable Bacteria

The problem of eradicating ovarian infection in the domestic fowl assumes still greater importance than heretofore, in the light of data recently acquired. Not only is it of great significance to eliminate the permanent carriers of Bacterium pullorum from all flocks of fowls from the standpoint of successful poultry breeding, but also because they constitute a possible source of danger to man. Eggs which harbor Bacterium pullorum in the yolk in large numbers may produce abnormal conditions, when fed, not only in young chicks, but in adult fowls, young rabbits, guinea pigs, and kittens. The toxicity for young rabbits is most pronounced, the infection usually resulting in the death of the animals. In kittens the most prominent symptoms are those of severe food-poisoning with members of the paratyphoid group of bacteria. The possibility of infected eggs causing serious disturbances in young children and in the sick and convalescent of all ages must therefore receive serious consideration. Ovarian infection of fowls is very common throughout this country. Hence, a large proportion of the marketed eggs are infected with Bacterium pullorum. When such eggs are allowed to remain in nests under broody hens, or in warm storage places, for comparatively few hours, they contain large numbers of the organism. Soft boiling, coddling, and frying on one side only do not necessarily render the yolks free from viable bacteria; therefore, eggs which have gone through these processes may, like raw eggs, be the cause of serious disturbances in persons who are particularly susceptible to such influences, and especially to infants. That no well authenticated instances of egg-poisoning of this kind are on record does not warrant the assumption that there have been no cases. The etiology of infantile stomach and intestinal disturbances is as yet too little understood; in fact, it may be said that many of these disorders have no known cause, and almost as much may be said regarding gastro-intestinal diseases in later life. Furthermore, since the ailments caused by infected eggs would not make themselves felt presumably until several days after their ingestion, little or no suspicion would fall upon the eggs. It may be said, too, that the wide distribution of ovarian infection in the domestic fowl has come about only in the last few years, hence its possible danger to man is one of recent development.

scholarly journals Tissue-specific autoimmunity controlled by Aire in thymic and peripheral tolerance mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-131
Author(s):  
Minoru Matsumoto ◽  
Koichi Tsuneyama ◽  
Junko Morimoto ◽  
Kazuyoshi Hosomichi ◽  
Mitsuru Matsumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Peripheral Tolerance ◽  
Type I ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Thymic Function ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Thymic Stroma ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Abstract Tissue-specific autoimmune diseases are assumed to arise through malfunction of two checkpoints for immune tolerance: defective elimination of autoreactive T cells in the thymus and activation of these T cells by corresponding autoantigens in the periphery. However, evidence for this model and the outcome of such alterations in each or both of the tolerance mechanisms have not been sufficiently investigated. We studied these issues by expressing human AIRE (huAIRE) as a modifier of tolerance function in NOD mice wherein the defects of thymic and peripheral tolerance together cause type I diabetes (T1D). Additive huAIRE expression in the thymic stroma had no major impact on the production of diabetogenic T cells in the thymus. In contrast, huAIRE expression in peripheral antigen-presenting cells (APCs) rendered the mice resistant to T1D, while maintaining other tissue-specific autoimmune responses and antibody production against an exogenous protein antigen, because of the loss of Xcr1+ dendritic cells, an essential component for activating diabetogenic T cells in the periphery. These results contrast with our recent demonstration that huAIRE expression in both the thymic stroma and peripheral APCs resulted in the paradoxical development of muscle-specific autoimmunity. Our results reveal that tissue-specific autoimmunity is differentially controlled by a combination of thymic function and peripheral tolerance, which can be manipulated by expression of huAIRE/Aire in each or both of the tolerance mechanisms.

scholarly journals Normal mouse peritoneum contains a large population of Ly-1+ (CD5) B cells that recognize phosphatidyl choline. Relationship to cells that secrete hemolytic antibody specific for autologous erythrocytes.

1988 ◽  
Vol 168 (2) ◽  
pp. 687-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
T J Mercolino ◽  
L W Arnold ◽  
L A Hawkins ◽  
G Haughton
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Phosphatidyl Choline ◽  
Large Population ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Antigen Specificity ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Large Numbers

We have found that, in the peritoneums of normal adult mice, 5-15% of lymphocytes bind a fluorescent liposome probe. In ontogeny, cells with this specificity were shown to appear by 8 d after birth, and increase to the adult frequency by 2-3 wk. Some older mice contain an expanded population of these cells. We have shown that liposome binding occurs by cell surface IgM recognizing the common membrane phospholipid, phosphatidyl choline (PtC). Virtually all of these PtC-specific cells bear the cell surface marker Ly-1. Our results indicate that roughly 1 in 10 peritoneal Ly-1+ B cells has this single specificity. We have found that the precursors to all the cells that form plaques on protease-treated autologous erythrocytes (BrMRBC) are included in the PtC-specific population and can be isolated by FACS. We believe this is the first report of sorting large numbers of B cells with a single antigen specificity from normal, unimmunized animals. This method will allow for in vitro and in vivo studies of differentiative and proliferative properties of Ly-1+ B cells, which may help define their role in development and disease.

scholarly journals Engrafting fetal liver cells into multiple tissues of healthy adult mice without the use of immunosuppressants

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adas Darinskas ◽  
Renata Gasparaviciute ◽  
Mantas Malisauskas ◽  
Kristina Wilhelm ◽  
Jurij Kozhevnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Fetal Liver Cells ◽  
The Brain

AbstractWe have shown the fetal liver cell engraftments into multiple tissues of adult healthy mice, achieved without suppressing the animals’ immune systems. Fetal cells from the livers of male C57Bl/6J Black lineage mice at day 13 to 15 of gestation were injected intravenously into female adult CC57W/MY White mice. The grafting was evaluated by Y-chromosome-specific PCR, cytometric analysis of fluorescently stained donor cells, and histological analysis. All the methods consistently showed the presence of multiple engraftments randomly distributed through the various organs of the recipients. After 60 days, the grafts still constituted 0.1 to 2.75% of the tissues. The grafted cells did not change their appearance in any of the organs except the brain, where they became enlarged. Inflammatory reactions were not detected in any of the histological preparations. The frequency of engraftments was higher in the liver, indicating that similarity between the donor and recipient cells facilitates engraftment. The high inherent plasticity of fetal liver cells underlies their ability to integrate into healthy recipient organs, which can be governed by environmental conditions and connections with neighboring cells rather than by the initial cellular developmental programs. The fact that fetal liver cells can be grafted into multiple tissues of healthy animals indicates that they can be used to replace the natural loss of cells in adult organisms.

scholarly journals INDIGENOUS, NORMAL, AND AUTOCHTHONOUS FLORA OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

1965 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Dubos ◽  
Russell W. Schaedler ◽  
Richard Costello ◽  
Philippe Hoet
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Characteristic Localization

The bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract differs qualitatively and quantitatively from one colony of mice to another. Certain components of this flora, however, are always present in large and approximately constant numbers in healthy adult mice, irrespective of the colony from which the animals are derived. Lactobacilli and anaerobic streptococci are extremely numerous in the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intestine. In contrast, organisms of the bacteroides group proliferate only in the large intestine. These three bacterial species persist at approximately constant levels in their characteristic localization throughout the life span of healthy animals. They are closely associated with the walls of the digestive organs, and are probably concentrated in the mucous layer. A few experiments carried out with rats and young swine indicate that lactobacilli are also present in large numbers in the stomach of these animal species. It is suggested that some of the components of the gastrointestinal flora have become symbiotic with their hosts in the course of evolutionary development and thus constitute a true autochthonous flora. The other components of the indigenous flora are acquired early in life either through accidental contact or because they are ubiquitous in the environment. The "normal" flora is that which is always present in the environment of the animal colony under consideration.

Rostro-carinates and Rostrate Hand-axes

1939 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-284
Author(s):  
J. Reid Moir
Keyword(s):  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Prehistoric Archaeology ◽  
Ancestral Form ◽  
Close Resemblance ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lower Palaeolithic

Since the publication, several years ago, of my paper on the relationship of rostro-carinates to certain Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, a great deal more evidence bearing on this matter has come to light. I have been able to examine large numbers of handaxes, found in this country and in very widely separated places abroad, which exhibit, in their profile and in other characteristics, an extraordinarily close resemblance to rostro-carinates. Such palaeolithic specimens I have called rostrate hand-axes, and their number and wide distribution are beyond dispute. If it is a fact that the rostro-carinate is the ancestral form from which the earliest hand-axes were developed, then it would be reasonable to suppose that the oldest group of these, being nearest in time to the rostro-carinate epoch, would contain the largest number of specimens of the rostrate hand-axe type. Moreover, it would be expected that, in the later hand-axe groups, traces of the ancestral form would gradually fade out, and, except for certain specimens of what may be called atavistic form, be eliminated. That is the theory, and it is sometimes the fate of theories to be killed by facts, but in the case under consideration the reverse holds true. For few things in prehistoric archaeology are clearer than that rostrate hand-axes are most numerous in the Early Chelles period, or that the traces of the rostro-carinate form become ever less in evidence in the later epoch of St. Acheul. Though this is the case, however, the matter is not so simple and straightforward as was perhaps at first supposed.

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