Rostro-carinates and Rostrate Hand-axes

1939 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-284
Author(s):  
J. Reid Moir

Since the publication, several years ago, of my paper on the relationship of rostro-carinates to certain Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, a great deal more evidence bearing on this matter has come to light. I have been able to examine large numbers of handaxes, found in this country and in very widely separated places abroad, which exhibit, in their profile and in other characteristics, an extraordinarily close resemblance to rostro-carinates. Such palaeolithic specimens I have called rostrate hand-axes, and their number and wide distribution are beyond dispute. If it is a fact that the rostro-carinate is the ancestral form from which the earliest hand-axes were developed, then it would be reasonable to suppose that the oldest group of these, being nearest in time to the rostro-carinate epoch, would contain the largest number of specimens of the rostrate hand-axe type. Moreover, it would be expected that, in the later hand-axe groups, traces of the ancestral form would gradually fade out, and, except for certain specimens of what may be called atavistic form, be eliminated. That is the theory, and it is sometimes the fate of theories to be killed by facts, but in the case under consideration the reverse holds true. For few things in prehistoric archaeology are clearer than that rostrate hand-axes are most numerous in the Early Chelles period, or that the traces of the rostro-carinate form become ever less in evidence in the later epoch of St. Acheul. Though this is the case, however, the matter is not so simple and straightforward as was perhaps at first supposed.

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 880
Author(s):  
Tuanyuan Shi ◽  
Xinlei Yan ◽  
Hongchao Sun ◽  
Yuan Fu ◽  
Lili Hao ◽  
...  

Cyniclomyces guttulatus is usually recognised as an inhabitant of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in rabbits. However, large numbers of C. guttulatus are often detected in the faeces of diarrhoeic rabbits. The relationship of C. guttulatus with rabbit diarrhoea needs to be clearly identified. In this study, a C. guttulatus Zhejiang strain was isolated from a New Zealand White rabbit with severe diarrhoea and then inoculated into SPF New Zealand white rabbits alone or co-inoculated with Eimeriaintestinalis, another kind of pathogen in rabbits. Our results showed that the optimal culture medium pH and temperature for this yeast were pH 4.5 and 40–42 °C, respectively. The sequence lengths of the 18S and 26S ribosomal DNA fragments were 1559 bp and 632 bp, respectively, and showed 99.8% homology with the 18S ribosomal sequence of the NRRL Y-17561 isolate from dogs and 100% homology with the 26S ribosomal sequence of DPA-CGR1 and CGDPA-GP1 isolates from rabbits and guinea pigs, respectively. In animal experiments, the C. guttulatus Zhejiang strain was not pathogenic to healthy rabbits, even when 1 × 108 vegetative cells were used per rabbit. Surprisingly, rabbits inoculated with yeast showed a slightly better body weight gain and higher food intake. However, SPF rabbits co-inoculated with C. guttulatus and E. intestinalis developed more severe coccidiosis than rabbits inoculated with C. guttulatus or E. intestinalis alone. In addition, we surveyed the prevalence of C. guttulatus in rabbits and found that the positive rate was 83% in Zhejiang Province. In summary, the results indicated that C. guttulatus alone is not pathogenic to healthy rabbits, although might be an opportunistic pathogen when the digestive tract is damaged by other pathogens, such as coccidia.


1946 ◽  
Vol 133 (872) ◽  
pp. 235-248 ◽  

Since a review of the conditions under which siderocytes appear will support a hypothesis that it is an ageing erythrocyte at least as strongly as Grüneberg’s (1941 a ) theory that it should be considered as a young cell, a search was made in blood films of stored mammalian blood and large numbers of siderocytes were found. The conditions affecting the rate of appearance of the siderocytes were studied, and it was found that adverse conditions would hasten their appearance. The relationship of the siderotic material to the 'easily split’ blood iron was also considered, and it seems probable that both are derived from a special and identical fraction of ‘haemoglobin’, and that this phenomenon is related to an intracorpuscular bile pigment formation. The occurrence of siderocytosis after the ingestion of acetyl phenylhydrazine by a ‘normal’ human being was followed, and a close correlation between siderocytosis, erythrocyte destruction and urinary siderosis as described by Peyton Rous (1918) is shown. The siderocyte extrudes its siderotic granules and reverts to a state at present morphologically indistinguishable from the normal erythrocyte, but appears to be susceptible of phagocytosis at this stage. The application of siderocyte counts to clinical medicine is suggested.


1965 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. YOUNG ◽  
C. L. FOSTER ◽  
E. CAMERON

SUMMARY The ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis of the rabbit is described preliminary to reporting changes after experimental procedures. Fixation by perfusing with gluteraldehyde enabled selected regions of the gland to be removed with accuracy. Separate descriptions of the pars distalis proper, zona tuberalis, pars tuberalis and pars intermedia are therefore included. In the pars distalis proper four types of granular cell were recognized although their function cannot be accurately determined. For convenience, therefore, they have been designated 1, 2, 3 and 4. In addition a fifth type of cell (type 5) is described which is also present in the other areas. This cell, as well as having possible phagocytic functions, appears to be concerned in the formation of a perivascular channel. Two types of cell are recognized in the zona tuberalis, which are similar in appearance to the 3 and 4 cells of the pars distalis, although not necessarily identical in function. The characteristic cells of the pars tuberalis are rich in cytoplasmic RNA and contain large numbers of intracellular fibrils. It is suggested that the ribosomes are concerned in the synthesis of a sedentary protein which may take the form of the microfibrils. The pars intermedia contains a predominant cell type with large granules of varying density. The relationship of these granules to the specific hormone is discussed.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Muir ◽  
Feiwu Zhang ◽  
Andrew Walker

Mg diffusion, which is important for properties of forsterite such as conductivity and deformation, is a strong function of water content. The mechanism behind this effect, however, has not been fully elucidated. In this study we use Density Functional Theory to predict the diffusivity of 〖(2H)〗_Mg^X and we find that they are around 1000 times slower than H-free Mg vacancies V_Mg^''. In most wet conditions the concentration of 〖(2H)〗_Mg^X is much higher than that of V_Mg^'' and thus the primary effect of water on increasing the Mg-diffusion rate in forsterite is by producing large numbers of H-bearing Mg vacancies. A water induced increase in diffusion rate is predicted to be accompanied by a large increase in diffusional anisotropy primarily in the [001] direction. Using a previously developed model of H distribution in forsterite we predict that the effect of water on Mg diffusion is strongly dependent upon environmental conditions such as pressure or temperature. An exponent (r) describing the relationship of water concentration to Mg diffusion is found to vary between 0.5-1.6 across common experimental conditions with pressure decreasing this exponent and temperature increasing it. With 100 wt. ppm water Mg diffusion rates are predicted to increase by over 2 orders of magnitude at high temperature and low pressure (2000 K, 0 GPa) and by over 3.5 orders of magnitude at low temperature and high pressure (1000 K, 10 GPa) while the anisotropy of diffusion is predicted to increase by ~2/over 5.5 orders of magnitude respectively. A conversion from “dry” to “wet” rheological laws is predicted to occur at <~1 ppm. These results suggest that Mg diffusion in wet forsterite could vary considerably throughout mantle conditions in ways that cannot be captured with a simple one component equation. Finally we considered the effects of the diffusion of H-bearing Mg vacancies on conductivity in forsterite and olivine. We combined our diffusivity results with experimentally determined results for phonon conductivity but this predicted significaly lower conductivities than have been observed experimentally in olivine, particularly at low temperatures (~1000 K). This suggests that the effect of water on olivine conductivity is not primarily due to bulk 〖(2H)〗_Mg^X diffusion and operates via a different unknown mechanism.


1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1075-1088E
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Jackson

The judgments of the magnitudes of goodness or badness (ethical values) of their successive situations over several days were recorded by three groups of college students. The relationship of their judged magnitudes of goodness and badness to the reported durations of their situations is described here. Judgments in terms of named and briefly described category scales of goodness and badness (given to the students) and judgments in terms of numerical scales (selected within limits by students) displayed the same power relationship between the average durations of the situations and the judged magnitude intervals of ethical value. This relationship held for large numbers of judgments of an individual as well as for the three student groups. It is suggested that this relationship offers a derivative method for measurement of ethical values, relating the category or numerical scales used to the fundamental scale of duration. The relationship also supports the operational definitions of “a good situation” as “a situation in which we act so as to continue the situation as long as we can or as long as it will, and tend to repeat it,” and “a bad situation” as “a situation in which we act so as to discontinue the situation as soon as we can or as soon as it will, and tend not to repeat it.”


Author(s):  
В.П. Шейнов

Целью данного исследования была проверка гипотез о взаимосвязи виктимизации личности с ее внешним локусом контроля и мотивацией избегания неудач. Виктимизация - событие насилия или опыт переживания насилия, процесс и результат превращения индивида в жертву преступного посягательства. Необходимость изучения виктимизации объясняется ее широким распространением в обществе и многочисленными отрицательными последствиями для ее жертв. Степень виктимизации испытуемых оценивалась по авторской методике, локус контроля - по модифицированной шкале Дж. Роттера, мотивация достижения успеха или избегания неудач с помощью адаптированного опросника А. Мехрабиана. В исследовании принял участие 641 респондент - 362 женщины и 279 мужчин в возрасте от 17 до 77 лет - представители разных профессий, статусов и регионов проживания. Установлено, что для участников исследования общая и реализованная виктимизация, агрессивное и некритичное поведение положительно связаны с экстернальностью. У представителей женского пола при зависимом поведении есть также значимая положительная связь с экстернальностью. Общая виктимизация респондентов, агрессивное и зависимое поведение положительно коррелируют с мотивацией к избеганию неудач; с последней также положительно связана реализованная виктимизация у женщин и девушек. С возрастом у женщин снижается склонность к виктимизации за счет уменьшения агрессивной составляющей. Подтверждается положительная связь между экстернальностью и мотивацией избегания неудач. Полученные результаты развивают, дополняют и конкретизируют результаты соответствующих зарубежных исследований. Victimization is an event of violence or the experience of experiencing violence, the process and result of turning an individual into a victim of a criminal assault. The need to study victimization is explained by its wide distribution in society and the many negative consequences for its victims. The purpose of this study is to test hypotheses about the relationship in the Russian-speaking society of victimization with external locus control and the motivation for avoiding failure. The objectives of the study: 1) to identify possible relationships between the components of victimization and externalism and the motivation to avoid failure for men, women, boys and girls; 2) to discover the general and differences for these groups of individuals; 3) compare the results with the findings of foreign researchers. The degree of victimization of the subjects was assessed by the author’s method, the locus of control - using the modified Rotter scale, and the motivation to achieve success or avoid failure - by the adapted Mehrabian questionnaire. The study involved 641 subjects - 362 women and 279 men aged 17 to 77 years - representatives of different professions, statuses and regions of residence. Statistical analysis of the test results was carried out using the SPSS package - 20.00. It has been established that for men, women, boys and girls, general and implemented victimization, aggressive and uncritical behavior are positively associated with externality. Female with addictive behavior also has a significant positive relationship with externality. For men, women, boys and girls, general victimization, aggressive and dependent behavior positively correlate with motivation to avoid failure; the latter is also positively associated with implemented victimization in women and girls. With age in women, the tendency to victimization decreases due to a decrease in the aggressive component. There is a positive relationship between externality and the motivation to avoid failure. The results obtained develop, supplement and specify the results of relevant foreign studies.


1953 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. H. Robertson ◽  
Morton Hamburger ◽  
Lucien A. Gregg

In a study of the relationship of natural antipneumococcal immune substances to the incidence and course of bacteremia in dogs with experimental pneumococcus pneumonia the following findings came to light: (1) In non-bacteremic animals, natural immune substances, as measured by the pneumococcidal-promoting action of the serum, continue to be present in relatively undiminished concentration throughout the course of the infection. (2) With the advent of bacteremia these immune properties of the blood tend to decrease or disappear, depending on the degree of bacteremia and the length of the disease course, but in certain instances they persist despite the presence of large numbers of circulating pneumococci. (3) Disappearance of natural immune substances from the blood during bacteremia is followed by their reappearance upon cessation of the bacteremia. (4) Bacteremic blood containing antipneumococcal immune substances and a sufficient quantity of leucocytes is capable of destroying in vitro relatively large numbers of pneumococci and will often sterilize itself. (5) The sequence of bacteremia first, then diminution and disappearance of humoral immunity excludes this antipneumococcal action of the blood as being the principal inhibitor of blood invasion. These observations have been interpreted as indicating that the bacteremic state consists of a constant escape of pneumococci from the pulmonary lesion and an attempt on the part of the body to compensate for the depletion of circulating immune substances resulting from their progressive immobilization by the pneumococci and their products. Thus, the loss or retention of humoral immune substances in the presence of bacteremia would appear to depend on the rate at which the body can provide new supplies of antibodies and on the number of pneumococci being discharged into the circulation. While the pneumococcidal action of the blood may not be sufficient to prevent the occurrence of bacteremia our study provides ample evidence that it exerts a potent restraining effect on the increase in numbers of pneumococci in the circulation.


1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bushing ◽  
D. L. Wood

AbstractImproved techniques are described for cleaning gauges used in measuring the oleoresin exudation pressure (o.e.p.) of large numbers of ponderosa pines. These techniques are being used in a study of the relationship of o.e.p. and bark beetle attack in westside Sierra coniferous forests. Standard hydrostatic pressure gauges (Bourdon type) were modified by the addition of a threaded extension made of steel rod which permitted both insertion into a tree and newly-designed cleaning rack. A 9/32-in. hole in the steel rod reduced to a minimum the amount of oleoresin exudate necessary for an accurate reading. The cleaning racks, each accepting 30 gauges, were capped to confine the solvent (xylene) under pressure.


Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 743-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuula Niskanen ◽  
Kare Liimatainen ◽  
Ilkka Kytövuori ◽  
Joseph F. Ammirati

Five new Cortinarius species with medium to large basidiomata are described based on morphological and molecular data. Three of them, Cortinarius aavae , Cortinarius brunneocalcarius , and Cortinarius grosmorneënsis , belong to subgenus Telamonia and one, Cortinarius subfloccopus , to clade /Fulvescentes. The relationship of the fifth species, Cortinarius brunneotinctus , was not solved but it resembles species of clade /Anomali. Cortinarius brunneocalcarius and C. aavae do not have close relatives within the subgenus Telamonia; whereas, C. grosmorneënsis belongs to section Brunnei. Cortinarius grosmorneënsis is only known from eastern Canada, but the other four species have a wide distribution: C. brunneocalcarius and C. subfloccopus occur in North America and Europe, and C. brunneotinctus and C. aavae in western and eastern North America. The descriptions of the novel species are presented and comparison to similar species provided.


Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.


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