scholarly journals ANTIBODY FORMATION AGAINST TREPONEMA PALLIDUM—AGGLUTINATION

1915 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 576-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Zinsser ◽  
Joseph Gardner Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Difference ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Normal Human

It has been shown by our experiments that the serum of rabbits treated with emulsions of Treponema pallidum contains agglutinating substances. Normal rabbit serum also possesses agglutinating power for this organism, but, as in the case of normal bacterial agglutinins, to an extent very much inferior to that possessed by the sera of immunized animals. Normal human sera will agglutinate similar pallidum emulsions, as will the sera of certain syphilitic patients with positive Wassermann reactions. Whether or not there is a quantitative difference of diagnostic value between the sera of normal human beings and those of syphilitics remains to be seen. The sera of rabbits immunized with strain A agglutinate Noguchi's strain 9 in dilutions as high as 1 to 500. We regard as the most important result of these experiments the demonstration of definite antibodies in the circulation of animals treated with dead emulsions of Treponema pallidum. Since it is our belief that the agglutinating effect is due to an antibody essentially the same as that which produces bactericidal, precipitating, and opsonic effects, i. e., that there is probably one type of antibody only, we believe that the demonstration of agglutinins establishes the fact that in syphilis as in bacterial diseases the host responds by the formation of antibodies or sensitizers specific for the treponema. Spirocheticidal experiments with these sera, both in vitro and in vivo, are in progress.

scholarly journals Interleukin-6 mRNA and protein increase in vivo following induction of acute thrombocytopenia in mice

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
LH Cox ◽  
T Downs ◽  
K Dagg ◽  
J Henthorn ◽  
SA Burstein
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
Protein Serum ◽  
Significant Increment

Abstract Induction of experimental thrombocytopenia in rodents results in the enhancement of megakaryocytic growth and differentiation. Interleukin-3 (IL-3) and IL-6, cytokines with a broad spectrum of biologic activities, stimulate megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro. To determine if expression of these factors might increase in response to experimental thrombocytopenia, we measured steady-state levels of IL-3 and IL-6 mRNA following rabbit antiplatelet serum (APS) injection. Groups of mice were injected intravenously with 0.2 mL APS while control animals received rabbit antilymphocyte serum (ALS), normal rabbit serum (NRS), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). At various times up to 72 hours after injection mice were exsanguinated and splenectomized. Platelet counts in the experimental animals were less than 12% of controls. Splenic RNA was hybridized in solution to 32P-UTP-labeled cRNA probes for IL-3 and IL-6. RNase-resistant hybrids were resolved on denaturing gels and visualized autoradiographically. IL-3 hybrids were undetectable at all time points tested, irrespective of the film exposure time or specific activity of the probe. Conversely, IL-6 hybrids were easily visualized and showed peak expression at 1.5 to 2.0 hours. By 3 hours, IL-6 mRNA had returned almost to the level of the controls. Similar results were observed in the bone marrow, although maximal IL-6 mRNA in that tissue was observed 4 hours following APS administration. To determine if this mRNA increment was associated with a concomitant increase in bioactive protein, serum was tested for its ability to stimulate IL-6-dependent B9 cells. At 1.75 hours following injection, experimental animals showed a small but significant increment in IL-6 activity compared with controls (200 +/- 30 U/mL IL-6 compared with 129 +/- 17 U/mL in ALS-injected controls, 106 +/- 17 U/mL in NRS-injected controls and 84 +/- 17 U/mL in PBS-injected controls). The data show that IL-6 mRNA and bioactive protein increase in response to acute immunothrombocytopenia, while no increment in IL-3 is detectable. These results suggest that IL-6 may play a role in the physiologic response to acute immunothrombocytopenia.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON ANTIBODY FORMATION BY PERITONEAL EXUDATE CELLS IN VITRO

1960 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. McKenna ◽  
Kingsley M. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Peritoneal Exudate ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Peritoneal Exudate Cells ◽  
Carbon Particles ◽  
Secondary Systems

Cells from peritoneal exudates of rabbits sacrificed 3 days after an intraperitoneal injection of sterile mineral oil were grown in tissue cultures in medium 199 (75 per cent); normal rabbit serum (25 per cent). Antibody produced by the cells was assayed by an hemagglutination technique in which the antigens used were adsorbed to formalinized tanned sheep erythrocytes. These sensitized cells agglutinate in the presence of antibody specific to the adsorbed antigen. It has been demonstrated that: Peritoneal exudate cells produced hemagglutinating antibody to bovine gamma globulin (BGG) in a replicating tissue culture system for approximately 3 weeks when taken from animals given either primary or secondary injections of BGG. The mean hemagglutinating titer was 30 for the primary and 32 for the secondary systems. Since the other cell types did not persist, it is felt that monocytes were responsible for these results. Monocytes taken from normal rabbits and exposed to either BGG or egg albumen (EA) in vitro produced titers of 28 for about 2 weeks. Monocytes taken from rabbits given hyperimmunizing injections of BGG produced titers of 147 for about 1 week. Endotoxin from Salmonella typhosa caused the monocytes to form antibody as if they had been taken from hyperimmunized rabbits. This was true both when the antigen was given in vivo together with the endotoxin as well as when the cells were exposed to antigen in vitro. The titers were 223 and 97, respectively. Neither freshly harvested nor cultured monocytes were phagocytic for carbon particles or bacteria in vitro. Monocytes in tissue culture appeared to assume the morphology of fibroblasts, but did not stain with the characteristics of fibroblasts. The morphologic changes and staining characteristics of monocytes in tissue culture have been described. The implications of these findings have been discussed and an attempt made to integrate them into general biological theory.

scholarly journals Monoclonal antibody with hemagglutination, immobilization, and neutralization activities defines an immunodominant, 47,000 mol wt, surface-exposed immunogen of Treponema pallidum (Nichols).

1984 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. 1404-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Jones ◽  
K S Marchitto ◽  
J N Miller ◽  
M V Norgard
Keyword(s):  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Rabbit Igg ◽  
Major Surface

Radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) analyses performed on 125I-surface-labeled Treponema pallidum cells using various immune sera revealed the presence of six major surface antigens (immunogens) with apparent molecular weights of 47 K, 36 K, 34 K, 32 K, 29 K, and 13 K. Among these, the 47 K surface antigen was most abundant. Radioimmunoprecipitation assays using 125I-labeled T. phagedenis biotype Reiter or immunoblot analyses using the same strain, failed to reveal the presence of the 47 K mol wt antigen in the representative nonpathogenic treponeme. Preabsorption of anti-T. pallidum immune rabbit serum (IRS) with the Reiter organism did not remove anti-T. pallidum antibodies from immune serum that reacted with the 47 K mol wt immunogen or other immunogens of T. pallidum present in the characteristic antigenic profile. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed specifically against the 47 K mol wt immunogen of T. pallidum also failed to react with an analogous 47 K mol wt component in Treponema phagedenis biotype Reiter, further suggesting the unique presence of this antigen in pathogenic treponemes. The presence of the 47 K mol wt surface immunogen in pathogenic treponemes other than T. pallidum subspecies pallidum was also observed (43). Anti-47 K immunogen mAb was nonreactive against rabbit IgG or IgM. mAb directed specifically against the 47 K mol wt immunogen of T. pallidum was examined for strategic functional activities. It was found to be reactive in the microhemagglutination assay for T. pallidum antibodies, the T. pallidum immobilization test, and was found to be capable of significant blockage of attachment of virulent T. pallidum to host cells in tissue culture. Additional significant biological activity for the anti-47 K mol wt immunogen mAb was revealed through results of the in vitro-in vivo neutralization test of Bishop and Miller, in which a 99% or 100% neutralizing activity was demonstrated. The combined data of this study suggest that the 47 K mol wt immunogen of T. pallidum represents an abundant, immunodominant, surface-exposed immunogen possessing potential biological importance in the pathogenesis and immunology of T. pallidum infection. These studies serve to establish the first functionally defined immunogen for T. pallidum, which may represent the major immunogen of the organism.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CANINE DISTEMPER AND A RESPIRATORY DISEASE OF MAN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
JOHN M. ADAMS
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Human Illness ◽  
Human Gamma Globulin ◽  
Tissue Reactions

Clinical, epidemiologic, pathologic and serologic evidence has been presented which indicates a possible relationship of canine distemper and a respiratory disease of human beings. Neutralization of distemper viral infection in ferrets has been accomplished experimentally; infection caused by this virus in living chick-embryos has been neutralized by human sera and by human gamma globulin. Both in vivo and in vitro methods were employed in these experiments. Inclusion bodies are shown with the same morphologic and staining characteristics as well as similar tissue reactions to infection. The striking features of these changes are the proliferation and destruction of pulmonary lining epithelium, giant cell formation, and a predominant mononuclear reaction in the animal and human sections. A review of the literature on a possible relationship between canine distemper and human illness has been presented. The former disease is now proved to be due to a specific virus.

scholarly journals CONCERNING AGGLUTININS FOR TREPONEMA PALLIDUM

1913 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Kolmer
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Tertiary Syphilis ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Normal Human

1. There is no demonstrable amount of agglutinin for Treponema pallidum (Noguchi) in normal human and normal rabbit serum in dilutions as low as 1:20. 2. Agglutinins for Treponema pallidum are readily produced in young rabbits by the administration of pure cultures of living spirochetes. 3. There is no appreciable amount of agglutinin for Treponema pallidum culture used in the sera of secondary and tertiary syphilis or in the cerebrospinal fluid of tertiary syphilis in dilutions of 1:20 to 1:640.

scholarly journals Interleukin-6 mRNA and protein increase in vivo following induction of acute thrombocytopenia in mice

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-293
Author(s):  
LH Cox ◽  
T Downs ◽  
K Dagg ◽  
J Henthorn ◽  
SA Burstein
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
Protein Serum ◽  
Significant Increment

Induction of experimental thrombocytopenia in rodents results in the enhancement of megakaryocytic growth and differentiation. Interleukin-3 (IL-3) and IL-6, cytokines with a broad spectrum of biologic activities, stimulate megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro. To determine if expression of these factors might increase in response to experimental thrombocytopenia, we measured steady-state levels of IL-3 and IL-6 mRNA following rabbit antiplatelet serum (APS) injection. Groups of mice were injected intravenously with 0.2 mL APS while control animals received rabbit antilymphocyte serum (ALS), normal rabbit serum (NRS), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). At various times up to 72 hours after injection mice were exsanguinated and splenectomized. Platelet counts in the experimental animals were less than 12% of controls. Splenic RNA was hybridized in solution to 32P-UTP-labeled cRNA probes for IL-3 and IL-6. RNase-resistant hybrids were resolved on denaturing gels and visualized autoradiographically. IL-3 hybrids were undetectable at all time points tested, irrespective of the film exposure time or specific activity of the probe. Conversely, IL-6 hybrids were easily visualized and showed peak expression at 1.5 to 2.0 hours. By 3 hours, IL-6 mRNA had returned almost to the level of the controls. Similar results were observed in the bone marrow, although maximal IL-6 mRNA in that tissue was observed 4 hours following APS administration. To determine if this mRNA increment was associated with a concomitant increase in bioactive protein, serum was tested for its ability to stimulate IL-6-dependent B9 cells. At 1.75 hours following injection, experimental animals showed a small but significant increment in IL-6 activity compared with controls (200 +/- 30 U/mL IL-6 compared with 129 +/- 17 U/mL in ALS-injected controls, 106 +/- 17 U/mL in NRS-injected controls and 84 +/- 17 U/mL in PBS-injected controls). The data show that IL-6 mRNA and bioactive protein increase in response to acute immunothrombocytopenia, while no increment in IL-3 is detectable. These results suggest that IL-6 may play a role in the physiologic response to acute immunothrombocytopenia.

scholarly journals IMMOBILIZATION OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM IN VITRO BY ANTIBODY PRODUCED IN SYPHILITIC INFECTION

1949 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Nelson ◽  
Manfred M. Mayer ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Almost All

Treponema pallida were extracted from rabbit testicular syphilomas and suspended in a special medium in which the organisms remain motile and infectious for several days. On incubation of such suspensions with syphilitic rabbit or human sera and guinea pig complement, the treponemes became non-motile and lost their capacity to infect rabbits. Various factors affecting this immobilization have been investigated. In a preliminary survey of individual sera, immobilizing antibody could be detected in the majority of sera from syphilitic animals and human beings, but was absent in almost all the normal sera examined. It could be demonstrated that the immobilizing and reagin activities of syphilis sera are due to separate antibodies.

Artificially transformed schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni: mechanism of acquisition of protection against antibody-mediated killing

Parasitology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. P. Tavares ◽  
M. N. Cordeiro ◽  
T. A. Mota-Santos ◽  
G. Gazzinelli
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Serum Factors ◽  
Quantitative Fluorescence

SummaryIncorporation of labelled amino acid into tegumental proteins and acquisition of protection by schistosomula against antibody-mediated killing in vitro were simultaneously stimulated by serum factors and inhibited by puromycin. Comparison of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns with fluorographic autoradiography indicates that the majority of proteins in the parasite tegument were labelled with the isotope after incubation for 3 h. No new, clearly defined band was observed in the autoradiography pattern. During this period a decreasing susceptibility of the schistosomula to antibody plus complement was observed. Quantitative fluorescence assay shows that schistosomula insensitive to antibody plus complement were still able to bind the same amount of antibody as the unprotected parasites. Pre-culture of schistosomula in the presence of inactivated normal rabbit serum also decreased the susceptibility of the parasites to the in vivo killing mechanism.

Presence and Possible Origin of ɛ(γ-Glutamyl)Lysine Isodipeptide in Human Plasma

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (01) ◽  
pp. 060-062 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Harsfalvi ◽  
E Tarcsa ◽  
M Udvardy ◽  
G Zajka ◽  
T Szarvas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Fibrinolytic Therapy ◽  
Normal Human Plasma ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Hplc Technique ◽  
Significant Change

Summaryɛ(γ-glutamyl)lysine isodipeptide has been detected in normal human plasma by a sensitive HPLC technique in a concentration of 1.9-3.6 μmol/1. Incubation of in vitro clotted plasma at 37° C for 12 h resulted in an increased amount of isodipeptide, and there was no further significant change when streptokinase was also present. Increased in vivo isodipeptide concentrations were also observed in hypercoagulable states and during fibrinolytic therapy.

scholarly journals P074 In vitro and in vivo efficacy of linezolid on Treponema pallidum, the syphilis agent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Giacani ◽  
A Haynes ◽  
M Vall Mayans ◽  
M Ubals Cazorla ◽  
C Nieto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
In Vivo Efficacy
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