scholarly journals THE RELATION BETWEEN THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS

1916 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Tanberg
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Parathyroid Gland ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Indirect Interaction ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Meat Diet ◽  
Two Systems

The following conclusions may be drawn from the experiments presented in this article. 1. Excessive meat diet develops hypertrophy of the thyroid gland. A definite hypertrophy of the parathyroid gland under the same conditions has not been established. A meat diet does not develop hypertrophy of the thyroid gland when insufficiency of the parathyroid gland exists at the same time, even if no clinical symptoms are present. Where a pronounced hypertrophy caused by a meat diet has already developed, the hypertrophy disappears and the gland assumes its ordinary appearance after extirpation of a sufficiently large number of parathyroid glands. 2. After parathyroidectomy no hypertrophy of the thyroid gland takes place. In chronic tetany the thyroid gland seems, on the contrary, to atrophy in spite of a meat diet. 3. After complete extirpation of the thyroid gland, the parathyroid gland does not change its structure, even in cases where the cachexia lasts for several years. Small remaining parts of the thyroid gland may through hypertrophy develop into compact tissue and thereby seemingly present some points of resemblance to the parathyroid gland. 4. When the parathyroid gland hypertrophies, as in some forms of chronic tetany, this hypertrophy is characterized by the development of large, transparent, sharply defined cells, with large nuclei rich in chromatin. 5. The parathyroid and thyroid glands are independent organs, each having specific functions. This, however, does not exclude the occurrence of a direct or indirect interaction in the functions of the two systems. 6. There is reason to believe that an insufficiency of the parathyroid gland checks to some extent the function of the thyroid gland. No proof of the existence of a vicarious cooperation between the two glands has been established.

scholarly journals SOME TOPOGRAPHICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THYROID AND PARATHYROD GLANDS OF MOORHEN (Gallinula c. chloropus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
K.K. Kadhim ◽  
N.S. Al-Samarrae ◽  
J.Y. Al-Fayas
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Connective Tissue Capsule ◽  
Small Branch ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
The Common ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
Tissue Capsule

 The thyroid gland of Moorhen has two separated lobes. These lobes were located in the throracic inlet and receive blood supply from the cranial, middle and caudal thyroid arteries. The histological organization of the thyroid gland in Moorhen is surrounded by a distinct connective tissue capsule and the parenchymal cells were arranged into colloid filled follicles enmeshed in the highly vascular interstitial connective tissue. The bilaterally paired, round to oval, parathyroid glands in Moorhen were located intrathoracically near or close to the caudal pole of the thyroid glands. They receive blood by short branches from caudal thyroid artery and small branch from the common carotid artery. The parathyroid glands in Moorhen have a thin connective tissue capsule. Its parenchymal cells were arranged into an irregular, anastomosing cords of chief cells. No oxyphil cells were found in the parathyroid glands of Moorhen.

scholarly journals KISSING SUPERIOR PARATHYROID GLANDS: A CASE REPORT

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4.2) ◽  
pp. 7810-7813
Author(s):  
Romini Niranjan ◽  
◽  
Surangi. G. Yasawardene ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Parathyroid Gland ◽  
Incidental Finding ◽  
Lateral Lobe ◽  
Tracheal Ring ◽  
Left Lobe ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Pharyngeal Pouch

Parathyroid glands are responsible for maintaining the calcium level in blood and usually a pair of superior and inferior parathyroid glands are located in the thyroid gland. Parathyroid glands are smaller and have variations in their size, shape, number and location. Thus, it is difficult to identify the parathyroid gland and leads to its accidental removal during thyroidectomy. This case report is an incidental finding of two superior parathyroid glands in the left lobe of thyroid gland in 68-year female cadaver. Both superior parathyroid glands were located at the first tracheal ring, 2 mm in size, circular in shape, tan yellow in colour, covered by a thin capsule and separated from each other in a distance less than 1 mm. They appear similar as a twin pair and seems to kiss each other. Both were confirmed by the histological method as parathyroid tissues. Superior parathyroid gland developed from the dorsal wing of fourth pharyngeal pouch, get detached from its origin and assumed a relatively constant final location either at the cricothyroid junction or at first tracheal ring. In this present case, the dorsal wing of the fourth pharyngeal pouch have undergone earlier embryological division into two separate superior glands during its descent to the cervical region in the left side. Embryological development of thyroid gland is linked with the development of parathyroid, thymus and ultimobranchial body. Thyroid gland developed from two sources. The median one contributes to thyroid isthmus and parts of the lateral lobe of thyroid. Lateral thyroid lobes derived its contributions from the caudal pharyngeal endoderm of the 4th and 5th pharyngeal pouches. The fusion of median and lateral thyroid forms the Zuckerkandl’s tubercle. Superior parathyroid gland might have travelled along the superior border of isthmus and any changes in the development of thyroid might have influence in the development of parathyroid glands. Up to now a very few cases of kissing parathyroid glands are reported in the literature and this will provide an additional anatomical information of kissing superior parathyroid glands. KEY WORDS: Kissing superior parathyroid glands, Complications of thyroidectomy, Parathyroidectomy, Cricothyroid junction, Twin parathyroid.

Parathyroids: The Forgotten Glands

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shari Steffensrud
Keyword(s):  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Parathyroid Gland ◽  
Calcium Homeostasis ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Calcium Balance ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Common Problems

Symptomatic calcium disorders—most notably, hypocalcemia— are common problems in preterm and certain term infants. Many factors predispose susceptible neonates to hypo- or hypercalcemia, but in many cases, the root of the problem is altered function of the parathyroid glands. Parathyroid gland dysfunction may affect calcium homeostasis and alter physiologic functioning, resulting in significant clinical symptoms. A review of how the parathyroid glands and parathyroid hormone affect calcium balance and of the problems that result from altered function promotes a better appreciation of the important role played by these sometimes “forgotten” glands in maintaining normal neonatal physiologic functioning.

Roy Mac Clare. Secondary insufficiency of the parathyroid glands after removal of the parathyroid adenoma and the ineffectiveness of treatment with extracts of the parathyroid glands. (Arch. Of Surgery, vol. 33, no. 5, 1936)

1937 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1506-1507
Author(s):  
Е. Auslander
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Parathyroid Adenoma ◽  
Parathyroid Gland ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Lower Pole ◽  
Right Lobe ◽  
The Right

A 51-year-old woman underwent surgery to remove the parathyroid glands for fibrocystic osteitis with spontaneous fractures. A tumor of the parathyroid gland was found adjacent to the lower pole of the right lobe of the thyroid gland, as a result of which the entire right lobe was removed.

scholarly journals The Current Role of Parathyroid Fine-Needle Biopsy (P-FNAB) with iPTH-Washout Concentration (iPTH-WC) in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Single Center Experience and Literature Review

Biomedicines ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Łukasz Obołończyk ◽  
Izabela Karwacka ◽  
Piotr Wiśniewski ◽  
Krzysztof Sworczak ◽  
Tomasz Osęka
Keyword(s):  
Primary Hyperparathyroidism ◽  
Parathyroid Gland ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Preoperative Assessment ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Fine Needle Biopsy ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Safe Procedure

Introduction. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a condition characterized by disorders of calcium–phosphate metabolism and bone metabolism caused by pathological overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH). The diagnosis of overt PHPT is based on the presence of clinical symptoms and laboratory abnormalities typical of this condition: hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria and elevated iPTH levels. Imaging studies are not used for diagnostic purposes; they are performed to localize the parathyroid glands prior to potential surgical treatment. Technetium 99 m sestamibi scintigraphy (Tc99 m-MIBI) is the gold standard in the assessment of pathologically altered parathyroid glands. Other diagnostic options include cervical ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). Parathyroid biopsy (P-FNAB) with iPTH washout concentration (iPTH-WC) assessment is still an underestimated method of preoperative parathyroid gland localization. Few studies have reported the utility of US-guided P-FNAB in preoperative assessment of parathyroid lesions. The aim of the study was to present our experience with 143 P-FNAB with iPTH-WC assessment. Material and methods. Laboratory results, US findings, P-FNAB complications and comparison with other imaging techniques were described and analyzed. Results. In 133 (93.0) patients, iPTH washout-to-serum ratio exceeded threshold level 0.5 and were classified as positive results. Median iPTH-WC in this group was 16,856 pg/mL, and the iPTH-WC to serum iPTH ratio was 158. There was no correlation between iPTH-WC and serum PTH, serum calcium, parathyroid gland volume and shape index. In the group of 46 operated patients, 44 demonstrated positive iPTH-WC results, which corresponds to a sensitivity of 95.6%. In Tc99-MIBI, radiotracer retention was found in 17 cases (in 24 MIBI performed), which corresponds to a sensitivity of 52.2%. P-FNAB did not cause any major side effects −92.5% of all patients had no or mild adverse events after this procedure. Conclusions. P-FNAB with iPTH-WC is a reliable method in parathyroid adenoma localization during PHPT. Its sensitivity for diagnosis of PHPT is much higher than that of Tc99-MIBI, and in some situations, P-FNAB with iPTH-WC may even replace that method. Furthermore, cost-effectiveness of iPTH-WC is at least similar to that of Tc99-MIBI. Complications of P-FNAB are mild and we can describe this method as a safe procedure.

Histological Study of Human Thyroid Gland Relative Proportion of Parenchyma and Stroma in Thyroid Glands of Bangladeshi People

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Md Enayet Ullah ◽  
Hasna Hena ◽  
Rubina Qasim
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Connective Tissue Sheath

Deep cervical fascia forms a connective tissue sheath around the thyroid gland. Delicate trabeculae and septa penetrate the gland indistinctly dividing the gland into lobes and lobules which in turn composed of follicles.1,2,3 These follicles are structural units of thyroid gland which varies greatly in size and shape.4 The number of follicles varies in different age groups. The study was carried out to see the percentage of area occupied by follicles in the stained section of thyroid glands in different age groups. The collected samples were grouped as A (3.5 – 20yrs), B (21- 40yrs) & C (41 – 78yrs). Percentage of area occupied by follicles was (58.55±10.72) in group A, (63.79±12.35) in group B + (63.39±8.29) in group C.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v1i2.13981 Update Dent. Coll. j. 2011: 1(2): 17-20

INHIBITION OF THYROGLOBULIN BIOSYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION BY EXCESS IODIDE. SYNERGISM WITH LITHIUM

1976 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Radvila ◽  
R. Roost ◽  
H. Bürgi ◽  
H. Kohler ◽  
H. Studer
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Inhibit Protein Synthesis ◽  
Thyrotrophic Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Excess Iodide ◽  
Kidney Liver

ABSTRACT Lithium and excess iodide inhibit the release of thyroid hormone from preformed stores. We thus tested the hypothesis that this was due to an inhibition of thyroglobulin breakdown. Rats were pre-treated with propylthiouracil (PTU) for 3 weeks in order to deplete their thyroids of thyroglobulin. While the PTU was continued, lithium chloride (0.25 mEq./100 g weight) or potassium iodide (3 mg per rat) were injected every 12 h for 3 days. Thereafter the thyroglobulin content in thyroid gland homogenates was measured. PTU pre-treatment lowered the thyroglobulin content from 4.21 to 0.22 mg/100 mg gland. Lithium caused a marked re-accumulation of thyroglobulin to 0.60 mg/100 mg within 3 days. While iodide alone had only a borderline effect, it markedly potentiated the action of lithium and a combination of the two drugs increased the thyroglobulin content to 1.04 mg/100 mg. Thyroxine was injected into similarly pre-treated animals to suppress secretion of thyrotrophic hormone. This markedly inhibited the proteolysis of thyroglobulin and 1.3 mg/100 mg gland accumulated after 3 days. Excess iodide, given in addition to thyroxine, decreased the amount of thyroglobulin accumulated to 0.75 mg/100 mg gland. To study whether this could be explained by an inhibitory action of iodide on thyroglobulin biosynthesis, thyroid glands from animals treated with excess iodide were incubated in vitro in the presence of 0.2 mm iodide for 3 h. Iodide decreased the incorporation of radioactive leucine into total thyroidal protein and into thyroglobulin by 25 and 35 % respectively. Iodide did not inhibit protein synthesis in the kidney, liver or muscle tissue. Thus, large doses of iodide selectively inhibit thyroglobulin biosynthesis.

Infants Diagnosed with Athyreosis on Scintigraphy May Have a Gland Present on Ultrasound and Have Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Niamh McGrath ◽  
Colin Patrick Hawkes ◽  
Stephanie Ryan ◽  
Philip Mayne ◽  
Nuala Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Ultrasound ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Median Serum ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Rule Out

Scintigraphy using technetium-99m (<sup>99m</sup>Tc) is the gold standard for imaging the thyroid gland in infants with congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) and is the most reliable method of diagnosing an ectopic thyroid gland. One of the limitations of scintigraphy is the possibility that no uptake is detected despite the presence of thyroid tissue, leading to the spurious diagnosis of athyreosis. Thyroid ultrasound is a useful adjunct to detect thyroid tissue in the absence of <sup>99m</sup>Tc uptake. <b><i>Aims:</i></b> We aimed to describe the incidence of sonographically detectable in situ thyroid glands in infants scintigraphically diagnosed with athyreosis using <sup>99m</sup>Tc and to describe the clinical characteristics and natural history in these infants. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The newborn screening records of all infants diagnosed with CHT between 2007 and 2016 were reviewed. Those diagnosed with CHT and athyreosis confirmed on scintigraphy were invited to attend a thyroid ultrasound. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 488 infants diagnosed with CHT during the study period, 18/73 (24.6%) infants with absent uptake on scintigraphy had thyroid tissue visualised on ultrasound (3 hypoplastic thyroid glands and 15 eutopic glands). The median serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration at diagnosis was significantly lower than that in infants with confirmed athyreosis (no gland on ultrasound and no uptake on scintigraphy) (74 vs. 270 mU/L), and median free T4 concentration at diagnosis was higher (11.9 vs. 3.9 pmol/L). Six of 10 (60%) infants with no uptake on scintigraphy but a eutopic gland on ultrasound had transient CHT. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Absent uptake on scintigraphy in infants with CHT does not rule out a eutopic gland, especially in infants with less elevated TSH concentrations. Clinically, adding thyroid ultrasound to the diagnostic evaluation of infants who have athyreosis on scintigraphy may avoid committing some infants with presumed athyreosis to lifelong levothyroxine treatment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document