scholarly journals BLOOD VOLUME IN WOUNDED SOLDIERS

1919 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald H. Robertson ◽  
Arlie V. Bock
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Bone Marrow Stimulation ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Gum Acacia ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Complete Restoration ◽  
Rapid Restoration

Blood volume tests made by the vital red method (Keith, Rowntree, and Geraghty) on patients after hemorrhage showed a marked reduction in the total blood bulk. Not uncommonly the blood volume was less than 60 per cent of the normal. The reduction after a certain point had been reached seemed to parallel the decrease in blood pressure. This relation of diminished blood volume to low pressure suggested a rough method of estimating blood volume from the change in blood pressure. By means of the blood volume and the hemoglobin per cent the actual amount of blood loss was determined. Cases of severe anemia showed a loss of as much as five-sixths of their total hemoglobin. Progressive changes in blood volume following hemorrhage were estimated in three ways: (1) repeated vital red tests; (2) calculation from changes in hemoglobin per cent produced by the injection of gum acacia; (3) calculation from changes in hemoglobin per cent following the dilution of the blood by the patient's own body fluids. The effects of the different methods of transfusion and of injection of gum acacia on blood volume were observed. No differences were apparent. It was found that transfusion and gum injections only partially restored the blood volume. Forced fluids by mouth were found to bring about its complete restoration in a comparatively short time. It was observed that the organism did not restore its blood volume beyond a certain point when a further increase in it would, by dilution, have brought the hemoglobin per cent to a very low figure. In such cases a further increase of the blood volume occurred only when the hemoglobin rose. In cases with a low hemoglobin per cent as the result of a restoration of the blood bulk an abnormally high blood pressure appeared, which continued until the hemoglobin per cent again increased. Accompanying the low blood pressure seen shortly after hemorrhage was a well marked difference in hemoglobin per cent between capillary and venous blood, with a relative concentration on the capillary side. As compensation occurred and blood pressure rose this difference lessened until the two readings were identical, indicating an even redistribution of the red blood cells. Reticulated red cell counts made in these cases showed that a marked bone marrow stimulation occurs after hemorrhage. However, except in the very anemic cases the degree of increased blood production seemed to depend largely on the restoration of the blood volume. The patients who were put on forced fluids, with consequent rapid restoration of blood volume, showed a much higher per cent of reticulated cells than those in whom no attempt was made to increase the amount of fluid in circulation.

Estimation of blood pressure-related parameters by electrical impedance measurement

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1946-1957 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Muntinga ◽  
K. R. Visser
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Cuff Pressure ◽  
Arterial Compliance ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Impedance Measurement ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Arterial Blood

In 13 healthy volunteers a computerized experimental set-up was used to measure the electrical impedance of the upper arm at changing cuff pressure, together with the finger arterial blood pressure in the contralateral arm. On the basis of a model for the admittance response, the arterial blood volume per centimeter length (1.4 +/- 0.3 ml/cm), the venous blood volume as a percentage of the total blood compartment (49.2 +/- 12.6%), and the total arterial compliance as a function of mean arterial transmural pressure were estimated. The effective physiological arterial compliance amounted to 2.0 +/- 1.3 microliters.mmHg-1.cm-1 and the maximum compliance to 33.4 +/- 12.0 microliters.mmHg-1.cm-1. Additionally, the extravascular fluid volume expelled by the occluding cuff (0.3 +/- 0.3 ml/cm) was estimated. These quantities are closely related to patient-dependent sources of an unreliable blood pressure measurement and vary with changes in cardiovascular function, such as those found in hypertension. Traditionally, a combination of several methods is needed to estimate them. Such methods, however, usually neglect the contribution of extravascular factors.

scholarly journals BLOOD VOLUME IN WOUNDED SOLDIERS

1919 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald H. Robertson ◽  
Arlie V. Bock
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Secondary Hemorrhage ◽  
Total Hemoglobin

Blood volume tests made on a number of soldiers recovering from hemorrhage have shown that in many instances dilution of the blood occurs very slowly. The principal reasons for this seem to be (a) an initial lack of reserve fluid of the tissues, and (b) the absence of any subsequent attempt by the body to make up this fluid deficiency. By putting such patients on a large fluid intake by mouth and rectum it has been found that their blood volume can be promptly and greatly increased. Hemorrhage cases transfused, yet still showing a low blood volume, were first treated in this way. Then the effect of forced fluids without transfusion was tried. Immediately after a hemorrhage, or as soon as the patient came under observation, he was given large quantities of water by mouth, and salt solution by rectum. Under such treatment the blood pressure soon began to show a progressive rise, the volume increased, and the red cells became more evenly redistributed, as shown by the relative hemoglobin percentages of the capillary and venous blood. These changes were often well marked after only 2 or 3 hours of the treatment. More than this, forcing fluids in cases where the amount of bleeding is difficult to estimate on account of the presence of a high hemoglobin percentage is of distinct value, since the dilution of the blood which results serves to show the extent of the hemorrhage through the drop in hemoglobin that it entails. In attempting to determine the condition of the patient after hemorrhage with a view to deciding the most suitable form of treatment, it is of much importance to learn the total blood loss—which is often not even indicated by the hemoglobin concentration of the remaining blood. With a total hemoglobin reduced to 25 per cent or under transfusion is needful. New blood is necessary, not only to supply more oxygen-carrying cells, but also because it actually enables the circulation to increase its volume. For, as has been pointed out in Paper I, the hemoglobin percentage must be above a certain point if a rapid restoration of the blood volume by means of the organism's own activities is to come about. With the total hemoglobin above 25 per cent the chief need is for increased blood volume, and if the patient's condition demands an immediate and large addition of circulating fluid, gum acacia solution should be given. If the condition is not so urgent, forced fluids by the alimentary tract are indicated. The blood volume can be considerably reduced and yet a normal blood pressure maintained. It is pointed out that the vasomotor mechanism which, has adapted itself to the diminished blood bulk may in any individual case be very near the margin of its compensatory power. Increased strain in such instances may cause a failure of this mechanism with a resulting fall in blood pressure. The beneficial results of forced fluids after secondary hemorrhage suggest the value of the early use of fluids by the alimentary tract in cases of primary hemorrhage.

scholarly journals Plasma endothelin and renal endothelin are two distinct systems involved in volume homeostasis

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (5) ◽  
pp. H1829-H1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Serneri ◽  
P. A. Modesti ◽  
I. Cecioni ◽  
D. Biagini ◽  
A. Migliorini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Volume Depletion ◽  
Local Formation ◽  
Young Subjects

This study of seven healthy young subjects was designed both to establish whether endothelin-1 (ET-1) is involved in the homeostasis of blood volume and to clarify the relationship between plasma and urinary ET-1. Acute volume expansion (+17%) caused increases in venous blood pressure (+4.4 mmHg) and the plasma concentration of ET-1 (+129%) and a decrease (-99%) in the urinary excretion of ET-1. Volume depletion (-8.5%) provoked an increase in the plasma concentration of ET-1 without altering the urinary excretion of ET-1. Passive elevation of an arm resulting in a local decrease of venous blood pressure (-17 mmHg) elicited an increase of the local formation of ET-1, with a 10-fold increase in the venous-arterial gradient compared with the opposite arm, which lay at the level of the heart. The increased local formation of ET-1 was blunted by volume expansion. The results indicate that 1) plasma ET-1 and urinary ET-1 represent two different endothelin-generating systems, both of which are involved in the regulation of blood volume, and 2) plasma ET-1 appears to be an important mechanism for the long-lasting adaptations of venous wall tension to changes in blood volume.

scholarly journals Clinical responses to acute blood loss in goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Paiva Argolo ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Firmino ◽  
Jaqueline Oliveira Soares ◽  
Talyta Lins Nunes ◽  
Maria Rociene Abrantes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Acute Blood Loss ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Healthy Adult Male ◽  
Loss Event ◽  
Clinical Responses ◽  
Physiological Values

The response to blood loss is directly related to the degree of hemorrhage, but for the caprine species some aspects still need to be investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the clinical and hemodynamic effects of acute blood loss in goats. Eight healthy, adult male crossbred goats were subjected to external jugular puncture to remove 30% of the total blood volume. A physical examination and blood gas, biochemical, and hematologic analyses were performed at baseline, before blood loss (T0), and after one (T1h), six (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) and 72 (T72h) hours, and eight (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) and 32 (T32d) days after the acute blood loss event. The goats presented with tachycardia, tachypnea, and hyperthermia one hour after blood loss with a return to normal physiological values at T6h. Packed cell volume was decreased at T1h and red cell counts at T12h, both returning to baseline at T24d. There was a reduction in total protein and albumin levels at T1h, both remained below baseline levels until T16d and T8d, respectively. The serum calcium concentration decreased over the period T1h to T24h and glucose increased over the period T1h to T6h. The values of pH, TCO2, bicarbonate, and base excess were lower at T1h, while lactate increased markedly at this time. The pCO2 value only was reduced at T24h. Systolic (PS), diastolic (PD), and mean (PM) pressures were decreased at T1h. Acute loss of 30% of blood volume in goats caused changes in clinical, blood gas, and biochemical parameters, which were restored over a six-hour period, while hematologic changes were more persistent, with baseline values restored only after 24 days.

scholarly journals Refinement of blood sampling from the sublingual vein of rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Zeller ◽  
Heinz Weber ◽  
Basile Panoussis ◽  
Thomas Bürge ◽  
Reinhard Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Hypodermic Needle ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
23 Gauge ◽  
White Blood Cell Counts

A refined method of repeated blood sampling is described: the tongue of the anaesthetized rat is pulled forward with the fingers and the sublingual vein is punctured with a 23 gauge hypodermic needle. Based on the requirement of a pharmacokinetic study, 0.5 or 1 ml of blood was collected 7 times at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h. The degree of suffering was judged by determining the body weight and food and water consumption. All animals showed an increase in body weight already after 24 h and, therefore, the method of collecting blood from the sublingual vein can be recommended for repeated blood sampling. The haematological evaluation of groups of animals with differing body weight showed that sample volumes of up to 15% of the total blood volume lead to haematocrit values of approximately 40%. A remarkable initial drop in white blood cell counts followed by a marked rise 2 h after first sampling to values partly above the pre-test could not be directly related to the extracted blood volume.

scholarly journals THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM TO EXPERIMENTAL ALTERATIONS

1925 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emile Holman ◽  
Claude S. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Volume Control ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Full Compensation ◽  
The Right

An abnormal communication, experimentally produced between the right and left ventricles, causes a deflection of part of the blood stream into the shorter pulmonary circuit. Proceeding pari passu with the increase in volume flow of blood through this shorter circuit, there occurs a gradual enlargement of the heart limited to that part of the circulatory system through which the deflected blood passes; namely, the left ventricle, the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery, and the left auricle. There is also a demonstrable hypertrophy of the right and left ventricles, which presumably is the result of the increased effort necessary to propel forward an increased volume flow of blood, since it cannot be attributed to an increased peripheral resistance. Immediately after the production of the defect, the right auricle and aorta become smaller than usual, conforming in size to the decreased volume flow of blood through them. As full compensation for the deflected flow occurs by an increase in total blood volume, they return to their normal size. If full compensation has not occurred they remain smaller than normal (Dog X 11). The changes incident to the establishment of an opening in the septum are entirely dependent upon the size of the defect, and hence, upon the extent of the volume of blood deflected into the shorter circuit. Commensurate with the volume of blood deflected, there is a fall in general blood pressure. If the animal survives the immediate fall in blood pressure, certain compensatory adjustments occur which reestablish a more normal blood pressure: (a) an immediate increase in pulse rate; (b) a gradual increase in total blood mass. The increase in blood volume is directly commensurate with the size of the defect. The pulse returns to a normal rate when complete compensation through an increase in blood volume has been attained. It is suggested that the enlargement of the heart seen clinically in so called "idiopathic hypertrophy," "essential hypertension," and also in certain cases of cardiorenal disease, may be due to an increase in total blood mass following some interference with the mechanism for its control. The seat of this impairment in blood volume control may be: (a) in a chemical alteration in the blood; (b) in a diseased function of the kidneys which may be responsible for a decreased elimination, or for a change in the chemical composition of the blood; or (c) in an abnormal stimulation of the organs producing the cellular elements of the blood.

Blood pressure responses to cyclic blood volume changes in awake and anesthetized dogs

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (4) ◽  
pp. R827-R835 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Brown ◽  
A. W. Cowley ◽  
D. B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Forcing Function ◽  
Cycle Lengths ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

A dynamic analysis of blood pressure regulation was performed in conscious and anesthetized dogs. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to 5 and 10% sinusoidal changes in total blood volume with cycle lengths of 1, 4, and 8 min were measured in anesthetized 1) control dogs, 2) carotid and vagal baroreflex (CVB)-denervated animals, and 3) spinal-ablated dogs; in addition, the MAP responses to 10% sinusoidal blood volume changes with cycle lengths ranging from 0.25 to 8 min were measured in conscious control and CVB-denervated dogs. The presence of the baroreflexes in both the conscious and anesthetized control dogs essentially eliminated MAP excursions during the cyclic volume changes. The MAP changes in both the conscious and anesthetized denervated dogs were large. However, the responses in the anesthetized denervated dogs were linear, stationary, and cycle-length insensitive with respect to the sinusoidal forcing function, whereas the responses in the conscious CVB-denervated dogs were nonlinear, nonstationary, and cycle-length dependent. These results indicate that the cardiovascular system in the anesthetized CVB-denervated and spinal-ablated dogs is passive or "hydraulic" in nature; conversely, factors other than the carotid and vagal baroreflexes appear to exist that alter the arterial pressure responses to cyclic blood volume perturbations in the conscious CVB-denervated dogs.

Liver and spleen as venous reservoirs

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren G. Guntheroth ◽  
Gay L. Mullins
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Average Volume ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Vigorous Exercise ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Liver Size ◽  
Appreciable Change

The diameter of the liver and spleen was measured in 37 intact unanesthetized dogs. Fright always produced vigorous contraction of the spleen but no appreciable change in the liver. Running on a treadmill caused splenic contraction in only one-half the instances. The liver usually got larger or did not change with exercise. Epinephrine caused prompt contraction of the spleen and a variable response of the liver with no change in over one-half the trials. Several other drugs produced splenic contraction, apparently through reduction of blood pressure. Hemorrhage invariably produced splenic contraction, with average volume changes of 8% of the total blood volume. Hemorrhage caused a gradual decrease in liver size in only one-half the animals. Hypoxia caused extremely vigorous contractions of the spleen, usually accompanied by an increase in liver size. In short, in the dog the spleen is a precisely regulated reservoir, but the liver is not. However, vigorous exercise may be initiated and maintained without contributions from either organ.

Influence of blood volume restoration and tissue trauma on corticosteroid secretion in dogs

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Walker ◽  
William C. Shoemaker ◽  
Aud J. Kaalstad ◽  
Francis D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Adrenocortical Failure ◽  
Tissue Trauma ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Corticosteroid Secretion

In this third paper the authors record the corticosteroid data derived from the animals reported in the previous studies. A total of 12 animals is described. Acute reduction in blood volume in dogs resulted in markedly increased concentrations of corticosteroids in the adrenal vein blood. In some instances, alteration in flow was so balanced that there was no increase in total secretion of corticosteroids; in others, the adrenal blood flow was such that the output total was increased. In dogs subjected to a more chronic shock challenge by prolonged bleeding, the concentration and output of corticosteroids varied considerably according to adrenal blood flow and the presence or absence of the ‘taking-up’ phenomena. Replacement of lost blood was accompanied by a reduction in concentration and, in some cases, total output of corticosteroids. Fracture of the femur in anesthetized dogs resulted in increased concentration of corticosteroids in the adrenal venous blood, seemingly unrelated to blood pressure changes. There was no sign of adrenocortical failure in any of these animals and in one case a low output of corticosteroids in response to hemorrhage did not appear to influence the resistance of the animal to hemorrhagic hypotension.

The Pressure—Volume Relationship in Normotensive and Permanent Essential Hypertensive Patients

1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Safar ◽  
N. PH. Chau ◽  
Y. A. Weiss ◽  
G. M. London ◽  
A. CH. Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Renal Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Volume Relationship ◽  
Pressure Volume Relationship

1. Blood pressure, blood volume and renal blood flow were determined in 101 men; forty-three were normal subjects and fifty-eight were untreated permanent essential hypertensive patients with normal renal function and equilibrated sodium balance. 2. A significant negative pressure—volume relationship was observed overall. The relationship could be expressed as a hyperbola whose slope expressed the reduction in blood volume per unit rise in pressure: the higher the blood pressure, the lower the slope. Thus essential hypertensive subjects have a smaller decrement in blood volume per unit rise in pressure than normal subjects. 3. The relation between change in blood volume and change in pressure was confirmed in each individual by defining for each a ratio ΔV/ΔP, statistically identical with the hyperbolic slope dV/dP. The ΔV/ΔP ratio was found to be well correlated with the renal blood flow and the creatinine clearance. No correlation existed between the total blood volume and these two renal parameters. 4. It is concluded that the present study demonstrates a blood volume regulation disturbance in essential hypertension and provides evidence from human studies that a renal defect accompanies high blood pressure.

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