scholarly journals BLOOD VOLUME IN WOUNDED SOLDIERS

1919 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald H. Robertson ◽  
Arlie V. Bock
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Secondary Hemorrhage ◽  
Total Hemoglobin

Blood volume tests made on a number of soldiers recovering from hemorrhage have shown that in many instances dilution of the blood occurs very slowly. The principal reasons for this seem to be (a) an initial lack of reserve fluid of the tissues, and (b) the absence of any subsequent attempt by the body to make up this fluid deficiency. By putting such patients on a large fluid intake by mouth and rectum it has been found that their blood volume can be promptly and greatly increased. Hemorrhage cases transfused, yet still showing a low blood volume, were first treated in this way. Then the effect of forced fluids without transfusion was tried. Immediately after a hemorrhage, or as soon as the patient came under observation, he was given large quantities of water by mouth, and salt solution by rectum. Under such treatment the blood pressure soon began to show a progressive rise, the volume increased, and the red cells became more evenly redistributed, as shown by the relative hemoglobin percentages of the capillary and venous blood. These changes were often well marked after only 2 or 3 hours of the treatment. More than this, forcing fluids in cases where the amount of bleeding is difficult to estimate on account of the presence of a high hemoglobin percentage is of distinct value, since the dilution of the blood which results serves to show the extent of the hemorrhage through the drop in hemoglobin that it entails. In attempting to determine the condition of the patient after hemorrhage with a view to deciding the most suitable form of treatment, it is of much importance to learn the total blood loss—which is often not even indicated by the hemoglobin concentration of the remaining blood. With a total hemoglobin reduced to 25 per cent or under transfusion is needful. New blood is necessary, not only to supply more oxygen-carrying cells, but also because it actually enables the circulation to increase its volume. For, as has been pointed out in Paper I, the hemoglobin percentage must be above a certain point if a rapid restoration of the blood volume by means of the organism's own activities is to come about. With the total hemoglobin above 25 per cent the chief need is for increased blood volume, and if the patient's condition demands an immediate and large addition of circulating fluid, gum acacia solution should be given. If the condition is not so urgent, forced fluids by the alimentary tract are indicated. The blood volume can be considerably reduced and yet a normal blood pressure maintained. It is pointed out that the vasomotor mechanism which, has adapted itself to the diminished blood bulk may in any individual case be very near the margin of its compensatory power. Increased strain in such instances may cause a failure of this mechanism with a resulting fall in blood pressure. The beneficial results of forced fluids after secondary hemorrhage suggest the value of the early use of fluids by the alimentary tract in cases of primary hemorrhage.

scholarly journals A Study of Blood Volume and Anemia in Cancer Patients

Blood ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 639-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEANNE C. BATEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Total Hemoglobin ◽  
Active Cancer

Abstract 1. Hematologic findings are reported in 33 patients with cancer, in 8 patients with arrested cancer and in 10 patients without cancer. 2. Blood volume was variable and seemed to bear no direct relation to the disease. Prolonged impaired alimentation due to dysphagia or apathy in 3 patients was associated with lower than expected blood volume. 3. Recalculation of total hemoglobin on the basis of expected normal blood volume demonstrates a reduction in hemoglobin concentration when blood volume is increased and conversely in an elevation of hemoglobin concentration when blood volume is reduced. 4. A marked increase above "normal" in blood volume was found in 3 patients who had received large amounts of stilbestrol. Withdrawal of drug in the 1 patient observed resulted in reversion toward normal values. 5. Testosterone increased body weight, total blood volume and total circulating hemoglobin in 3 patients without active cancer. In 2 patients with far advanced cancer there was increase in weight, in 1 there was increase in blood volume, but in both there was progressive decrease in total hemoglobin.

Estimation of blood pressure-related parameters by electrical impedance measurement

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1946-1957 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Muntinga ◽  
K. R. Visser
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Cuff Pressure ◽  
Arterial Compliance ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Impedance Measurement ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Arterial Blood

In 13 healthy volunteers a computerized experimental set-up was used to measure the electrical impedance of the upper arm at changing cuff pressure, together with the finger arterial blood pressure in the contralateral arm. On the basis of a model for the admittance response, the arterial blood volume per centimeter length (1.4 +/- 0.3 ml/cm), the venous blood volume as a percentage of the total blood compartment (49.2 +/- 12.6%), and the total arterial compliance as a function of mean arterial transmural pressure were estimated. The effective physiological arterial compliance amounted to 2.0 +/- 1.3 microliters.mmHg-1.cm-1 and the maximum compliance to 33.4 +/- 12.0 microliters.mmHg-1.cm-1. Additionally, the extravascular fluid volume expelled by the occluding cuff (0.3 +/- 0.3 ml/cm) was estimated. These quantities are closely related to patient-dependent sources of an unreliable blood pressure measurement and vary with changes in cardiovascular function, such as those found in hypertension. Traditionally, a combination of several methods is needed to estimate them. Such methods, however, usually neglect the contribution of extravascular factors.

scholarly journals BLOOD VOLUME IN WOUNDED SOLDIERS

1919 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald H. Robertson ◽  
Arlie V. Bock
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Bone Marrow Stimulation ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Gum Acacia ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Complete Restoration ◽  
Rapid Restoration

Blood volume tests made by the vital red method (Keith, Rowntree, and Geraghty) on patients after hemorrhage showed a marked reduction in the total blood bulk. Not uncommonly the blood volume was less than 60 per cent of the normal. The reduction after a certain point had been reached seemed to parallel the decrease in blood pressure. This relation of diminished blood volume to low pressure suggested a rough method of estimating blood volume from the change in blood pressure. By means of the blood volume and the hemoglobin per cent the actual amount of blood loss was determined. Cases of severe anemia showed a loss of as much as five-sixths of their total hemoglobin. Progressive changes in blood volume following hemorrhage were estimated in three ways: (1) repeated vital red tests; (2) calculation from changes in hemoglobin per cent produced by the injection of gum acacia; (3) calculation from changes in hemoglobin per cent following the dilution of the blood by the patient's own body fluids. The effects of the different methods of transfusion and of injection of gum acacia on blood volume were observed. No differences were apparent. It was found that transfusion and gum injections only partially restored the blood volume. Forced fluids by mouth were found to bring about its complete restoration in a comparatively short time. It was observed that the organism did not restore its blood volume beyond a certain point when a further increase in it would, by dilution, have brought the hemoglobin per cent to a very low figure. In such cases a further increase of the blood volume occurred only when the hemoglobin rose. In cases with a low hemoglobin per cent as the result of a restoration of the blood bulk an abnormally high blood pressure appeared, which continued until the hemoglobin per cent again increased. Accompanying the low blood pressure seen shortly after hemorrhage was a well marked difference in hemoglobin per cent between capillary and venous blood, with a relative concentration on the capillary side. As compensation occurred and blood pressure rose this difference lessened until the two readings were identical, indicating an even redistribution of the red blood cells. Reticulated red cell counts made in these cases showed that a marked bone marrow stimulation occurs after hemorrhage. However, except in the very anemic cases the degree of increased blood production seemed to depend largely on the restoration of the blood volume. The patients who were put on forced fluids, with consequent rapid restoration of blood volume, showed a much higher per cent of reticulated cells than those in whom no attempt was made to increase the amount of fluid in circulation.

Changes in Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Breathing Rate During Moderate Swimming Activity in Rainbow Trout

1967 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. DON STEVENS ◽  
D. J. RANDALL
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Breathing Rate ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Pressure Changes

1. Changes in blood pressure in the dorsal aorta, ventral aorta and subintestinal vein, as well as changes in heart rate and breathing rate during moderate swimming activity in the rainbow trout are reported. 2. Blood pressures both afferent and efferent to the gills increased during swimming and then returned to normal levels within 30 min. after exercise. 3. Venous blood pressure was characterized by periodic increases during swimming. The pressure changes were not in phase with the body movements. 4. Although total venous return to the heart increased during swimming, a decreased blood flow was recorded in the subintestinal vein. 5. Heart rate and breathing rate increased during swimming and then decreased when swimming ceased. 6. Some possible mechanisms regulating heart and breathing rates are discussed.

Blood Volume Changes in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-594
Author(s):  
Amnon Rosenthal ◽  
Lawrence N. Button ◽  
Kon Taik Khaw
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Pulmonary Involvement ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Cor Pulmonale ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Total Blood

Simultaneous red blood cell (RBC) and plasma volume determinations were obtained in 16 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and moderately severe pulmonary involvement. Hypervolemia with an increase in both RBC and plasma volumes was observed. Changes in blood volume were marked when values were indexed by weight but less significant when indexed by height. Decreasing systemic arterial oxygen saturation was associated with a progressive increase in RBC mass, hematocrit value, and hemoglobin level and a decrease in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. RBC and total blood volumes were highest in patients with cor pulmonale and congestive heart failure. However, the compensatory polycythemic response in patients with CF was inadequate when compared with the response to hypoxemia in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. The insufficient oxygen-carrying capacity may compromise tissue oxygen delivery and necessitate treatment.

MEASUREMENT OF FETAL HEMOGLOBIN IN NEWBORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-278
Author(s):  
Charles D. Cook ◽  
Hugh R. Brodie ◽  
David W. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Fetal Hemoglobin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Hemoglobin ◽  
Intrauterine Hypoxia ◽  
Total Concentrations ◽  
Erythropoietic Response

A relation between per cent of the hemoglobin that is of the fetal type at birth and gestational age has been demonstrated. Data are presented which show that, after 34 weeks gestation, the per cent fetal hemoglobin drops approximately 3 to 4% per week prenatally. This is similar to the postnatal weekly decrease reported by other authors. Intrauterine hypoxia, particularly of the sort associated with postmaturity, was not found to be associated with an increase in per cent fetal hemoglobin and probably not associated with an increase in total hemoglobin in the body. On the basis of reticulocyte counts and clinical examination and in the absence of studies of blood volume, it is suggested that the increased total concentrations of hemoglobin observed in the postmature infant with prenatal hypoxia are possibly the result of hemoconcentration rather than erythropoietic response to lack of oxygen.

Red cell and plasma volumes of the rat and of tissues during cold acclimation

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Newton B. Everett ◽  
Lorna Matson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Control Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Blood Cell And Plasma ◽  
The Individual

Red cell and plasma volumes of the total rat and of its individual tissues and organs were determined for animals exposed to 5 C for 4 hr, 24 hr, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks. In addition, the tissue hematocrit ratios were determined. These values were compared with those of rats kept at 24 C. Fe59-labeled erythrocytes and I131-labeled albumin were given intravenously, and after mixing the rats were frozen in liquid nitrogen. The organs and tissues were removed in the frozen state, assayed for radioactivity, and blood cell and plasma volumes were calculated on a unit weight basis. Significant changes in blood cell and plasma volumes were observed for the total rat and for many of the individual organs. There was a significant increase in the red cell content of the total rat within 24 hr of cold exposure. After 6 weeks, total blood volume was increased by approximately 20% over the control level and the increase in erythrocyte volume was slightly more than the increase in plasma volume. The hematocrit ratio of heart blood was 44.8 after 6 weeks exposure compared with 41.5 for controls. In general, it can be said that the somatic parts of the body showed increases in blood volume whereas the visceral parts had decreased volumes. Submitted on August 15, 1960

scholarly journals Plasma endothelin and renal endothelin are two distinct systems involved in volume homeostasis

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (5) ◽  
pp. H1829-H1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Serneri ◽  
P. A. Modesti ◽  
I. Cecioni ◽  
D. Biagini ◽  
A. Migliorini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Volume Depletion ◽  
Local Formation ◽  
Young Subjects

This study of seven healthy young subjects was designed both to establish whether endothelin-1 (ET-1) is involved in the homeostasis of blood volume and to clarify the relationship between plasma and urinary ET-1. Acute volume expansion (+17%) caused increases in venous blood pressure (+4.4 mmHg) and the plasma concentration of ET-1 (+129%) and a decrease (-99%) in the urinary excretion of ET-1. Volume depletion (-8.5%) provoked an increase in the plasma concentration of ET-1 without altering the urinary excretion of ET-1. Passive elevation of an arm resulting in a local decrease of venous blood pressure (-17 mmHg) elicited an increase of the local formation of ET-1, with a 10-fold increase in the venous-arterial gradient compared with the opposite arm, which lay at the level of the heart. The increased local formation of ET-1 was blunted by volume expansion. The results indicate that 1) plasma ET-1 and urinary ET-1 represent two different endothelin-generating systems, both of which are involved in the regulation of blood volume, and 2) plasma ET-1 appears to be an important mechanism for the long-lasting adaptations of venous wall tension to changes in blood volume.

Alterations in blood volume following short-term supramaximal exercise

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Green ◽  
J. A. Thomson ◽  
M. E. Ball ◽  
R. L. Hughson ◽  
M. E. Houston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Exercise Period ◽  
Red Blood Cell Count ◽  
Exercise Induced

To investigate the role of high-intensity intermittent exercise on adaptations in blood volume and selected hematological measures, four male subjects aged 19–23 yr [peak O2 consumption (VO2max) = 53 ml X min-1 X kg-1] performed supramaximal (120% VO2max) cycle exercise on 3 consecutive days. Each exercise session consisted of intermittent work performed as bouts of 1-min work to 4-min rest until fatigue or until a maximum of 24 repetitions had been completed. Measurements on blood samples were made before the exercise period and 24 h after the last exercise session. Plasma volume (PV) estimated using 131I-human serum albumin increased by 11.6% (3,504 vs. 3,912 ml; P less than 0.05). Total blood volume (TBV) based on PV and hematocrit (Hct) values increased by 4.5% (5,798 vs. 6,059 ml; P less than 0.05), whereas red cell volume (RCV) decreased by 6.4% (2,294 vs. 2,147 ml; P less than 0.05). Measurements of hematological indices indicated significant reductions (P less than 0.05) in whole-blood Hct (39.7 vs. 35.5%), hemoglobin concentration (15.5 vs. 13.9 g/100 ml), hemoglobin content (897 vs. 839 g), and red blood cell count (5.15 vs. 4.55 X 10(6) X mm-3). The findings of this study suggest that exercise intensity is a major factor in promoting exercise-induced hypervolemia and that rapid elevations in PV can be induced early in training.

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