scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis G. Blake ◽  
Russell L. Cecil
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Interstitial Pneumonia ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumonia ◽  
Normal Monkey ◽  
Considerable Resistance ◽  
Nose And Throat ◽  
Intratracheal Injection

1. Pneumonia has been consistently produced in normal monkeys by intratracheal injection of Streptococcus hæmolyticus. 2. The pneumonia produced has been shown to be comparable with hemolytic streptococcus pneumonia in man with respect to its clinical features, complications, and pathology. 3. Two pathologic types of the disease have occurred, interstitial pneumonia and confluent lobular pneumonia. Both types have been found in the same animal. 4. The type of pneumonia has appeared to be dependent upon the amount of streptococcus culture injected, interstitial pneumonia following the injection of small amounts and being an expression of considerable resistance, confluent lobular pneumonia following the injection of large amounts and being an expression of comparative lack of resistance. 5. Study of the distribution of streptococci in the lungs and of the character of the lesions in early stages of the disease has shown that streptococci may primarily invade the pulmonary tissue by penetration of the walls of the larger bronchial branches and that they are distributed from the points of invasion by way of the peribronchial, perivascular, and septal interstitial tissue and lymphatics. Infection of the alveoli is likewise primarily an interstitial invasion of the alveolar walls by streptococci. 6. In one experiment it was found that preliminary injury to the respiratory tract by gassing with chlorine and that lowering of resistance by a preceding intraperitoneal injection of Bacillus influenza without local injury to the respiratory tract greatly facilitated invasion of the lungs by Streptococcus hæmolyticus. 7. A normal monkey inoculated in the nose and throat with Streptococcus hæmolyticus failed to develop pneumonia and showed no evidence of infection of the upper respiratory tract.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis G. Blake ◽  
Russell L. Cecil
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Experimental Pneumonia ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nose And Throat ◽  
Intratracheal Injection

1. Lobar pneumonia has been consistently produced in normal monkeys by the intratracheal injection of minute amounts of pneumococcus culture. 2. The disease produced has been shown to be clinically identical with lobar pneumonia in man. 3. Lobar pneumonia has been produced in the monkey in one instance by experimental contact infection. 4. Normal monkeys inoculated in the nose and throat with large amounts of pneumococcus culture have failed to develop lobar pneumonia though carrying the organism in their mouths for at least a month. They have likewise failed to show any evidence of upper respiratory tract infection. 5. Monkeys inoculated subcutaneously or intravenously with pneumococcus culture have in no instance developed pneumonia, but have either died of pneumococcus septicemia or recovered without localization of the infection in the lungs.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Francis G. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Cebus Capucinus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Lymphoid Structures ◽  
Nose And Throat

1. Virulent influenza bacilli, when injected into the nose and throat of monkeys (Cebus capucinus and Macacus syrichtus), excite an acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, characterized by swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membrane, infiltration of the mucosa and subrnucosa with leucocytes, desquamation of epithelial cells, and the production of a mucopurulent exudate. The accessory sinuses are often implicated in the infection. 2. Experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections of the upper respiratory tract are frequently accompanied or followed by bronchiolitis, peribronchial infiltration, and bronchopneumonia with hemorrhage and edema in the early stage, emphysema and bronchiectasis in the later stages. In general, the process closely resembles uncomplicated Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia in man. 3. The injection of virulent influenza bacilli directly into the trachea of monkeys induces in them an experimental bronchiolitis and hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia, similar in all respects to spontaneous Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia. 4. In experimental Bacillus influenzæinfections of either the upper or lower respiratory tract the influenza bacillus can usually be recovered during .the acute stage by culture, either pure or in association with other bacteria. 5. In experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections in monkeys characteristic changes occur in the thymus gland—hyperplasia of the follicles, distention of the lymphatic channels, and infiltration of the parenchyma with leucocytes. This enlargement appears to be merely part of a general hyperplasia of the lymphoid structures in the cervical and thoracic regions.

scholarly journals THE FREQUENCY OF BACILLUS INFLUENZÆ IN THE NOSE AND THROAT IN ACUTE LOBAR PNEUMONIA

1922 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest G. Stillman
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nose And Throat

1. Bacillus influenza is frequently found in association with lobar pneumonia. 2. In lobar pneumonia both Bacillus influenza and pneumococcus are frequently found in the nose. 3. The influenza bacilli found in the upper respiratory tract of cases of lobar pneumonia are of various types. 4. The exact significance of these findings is at the present time not clear.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Its Effect on Dentistry

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
Amil Sharma ◽  
Rupali Balpande ◽  
Arpit Shrivastava ◽  
Gayatri Deshmukh ◽  
Pritee Bargaje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Dental Staff ◽  
Dental Practices ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Nose And Throat ◽  
Dental Professionals

COVID-19 or normally known as a coronavirus disease has already been in a pandemic situation which almost grabs many countries in the world. Its outbreak is still at large and even grasping medical professionals too.COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that can trigger what doctors call a respiratory tract infection. It can affect the upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower respiratory tract (windpipe and lungs). It spreads the same way other coronaviruses do, mainly through person-to-person contact. Infections range from mild to deadly. Although the mortality rate of this virus is low, it is especially potent against people with underlying systemic conditions. The practice of dentistry involves the use of rotary dental and surgical instruments, such as Handpieces or ultrasonic Scalars and air-water syringes. These instruments create a visible spray that can contain particle droplets of water, saliva, blood, microorganisms, and other debris. Dental health care professionals are at higher risk due to their close working field to the patient's oral cavity. The outbreak of COVID-19 has affected all businesses including general dental practices, which are suffering huge financial losses as they have been advised to give only emergency dental care because dentistry is a profession where the doctor as well as the dental staff works in close range of patients mouth. These recommendations should be appreciated as a positive step but they have caused serious financial implications for dental practices. It can be concluded that current dental practice globally is limited to the provision of emergency treatments only. So this article briefly discussed Covid-19 and a precautionary measurement needs to be taken by dental professionals

ERYTHROMYCIN IN THE TREATMENT OF DIPHTHERIA AND DIPHTHERIA CARRIER STATE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344
Author(s):  
M. W. Beach ◽  
W. B. Gamble ◽  
C. H. Zemp ◽  
Margaret Q. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nose And Throat ◽  
Active Disease ◽  
Primary Form

The treatment of acute diphtheria has not been drastically changed by the use of antibiotics. Antitoxin remains the primary form of therapy. However, the eradication of virulent diphtheria bacilli from the upper respiratory tract of patients with the active disease and of carriers is of considerable importance in the control of the disease. Streptomycin is effective in vitro and in infections produced experimentally but it has not been clinically evaluated in acute diphtheria or in the carrier state. Chlortetracycline, chloramphenicol, and oxytetracyline, although active against the causative organisms, have not had sufficient clinical trial to permit evaluation in the control of diphtheria and the carrier state. Penicillin eradicates C. diphtheriae from the nasopharynx in 75 per cent of patients within a period of 3 to 4 days. In this study erythromycin eradicated the C. diptheriae from the nose and throat in all of the cases in an average of 2 days in the active cases and in an average of 3 days in the carrier state. In the treatment of diphtheria erythromycin appears on the basis of the present and of previous studies to be the most promising antibiotic developed to date. Erythromycin is advocated as an adjunct to and not as a substitute for antitoxin in the treatment of acute diphtheria.

Lesions Produced by Feline Picornaviruses of Different Virulence in Pathogen-Free Cats

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Hoover ◽  
D. E. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Interstitial Pneumonia ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Kidney Cell ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pulmonary Lesions ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Sixteen pathogen-free cats were exposed by aerosol to either of two feline picornavirus isolates. The isolates used were picornavirus-255 and kidney-cell-degenerating virus. These viruses were selected to represent picornavirus prototypes of high and low virulence, respectively. Picornavirus-255 consistently produced depression, anorexia, and pneumonia. There were no lesions in the upper respiratory tract or conjunctiva, nor were there clinical signs of upper respiratory disease. The pulmonary lesions began as multifocal exudative pneumonia that progressed rapidly to interstitial pneumonia characterized by marked adenomatoid proliferation of pneumocytes. Three weeks after exposure the pulmonary lesions were principally resolved. It also produced discrete lingual and palatine ulcers that were easily detected. Experimental infection with kidney-cell-degenerating virus resulted only in transient fever and tiny vesicles and ulcerations of the lingual and tonsillar mucosae that could easily escape detection. No significant respiratory lesions were induced by kidney cell degenerating virus.

scholarly journals Analysis of Ear, Nose and Throat Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. e343-e348
Author(s):  
Mohammad Waheed El-Anwar ◽  
Mohamed Eesa ◽  
Waleed Mansour ◽  
Lamia G. Zake ◽  
Ehsan Hendawy
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Sore Throat ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Fever Hospital ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nose And Throat

Abstract Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has dramatically spread all over the world, crossing the borders of all countries. It is presented mainly by lower respiratory tract symptoms such as fever, cough, dyspnea, and chest tightness. However, COVID-19 causes different upper respiratory tract-related symptoms including nasal congestion, sore throat, and olfactory dysfunction. Objective To discuss different ear, nose and throat (ENT) manifestations in COVID-19-positive patients and their relation to other manifestations and to the severity of COVID-19. Methods We detected ENT manifestations in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed positive COVID-19 patients at Zagazig Isolation Hospitals (Zagazig University hospitals, Zagazig Chest hospital, Al-Ahrar hospital, and Zagazig Fever hospital) with proportional allocation in the period from April 15 to June 15, 2020. All patients were subjected to full history taking and COVID-19 was categorized into 4 classes of severity after all patients underwent computed tomography (CT) of the chest. Afterwards, the collected data was analyzed and compared. Results Among the included 120 COVID-19 patients, the most frequent reported ENT manifestations were; sore throat (30%), nasal congestion (28.3%), nasal obstruction (26.7%), sneezing (26.6%), headache (25%), smell and taste dysfunction (25%), rhinorrhea (20%), upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (15%), and tonsil enlargement (10%). The most common non-ENT manifestations were fever (88.3%), cough (63.3%), and dyspnea (45%). Conclusion Fever and cough are the dominant symptoms of COVID-19, but ENT manifestations for COVID-19 are common and should be a part of the suspected clinical criteria for COVID-19, particularly if the nasal examination was nonsignificant. The most common symptoms are sore throat, followed by nasal congestion and obstruction, headache, and lastly, olfactory dysfunction.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis G. Blake ◽  
Rusell L. Cecil
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Variable Amount ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Experimental Pneumonia ◽  
Alveolar Structure ◽  
Direct Penetration ◽  
Initial Lesions ◽  
Initial Mode ◽  
Intratracheal Injection

Study of the pathology of pneumonia experimentally produced in monkeys by the intratracheal injection of pneumococcus has shown that it is identical with the pathology of lobar pneumonia in man. It has been found that the pneumococcus primarily invades the pulmonary tissue at some point or points in the portion of the lobe proximal to the hilum, that it spreads rapidly throughout the lobe by way of the perivascular, peribronchial, and septal interstitial tissue and lymphatics, quickly reaching the pleura, and that it invades the alveolar structure primarily by way of the alveolar walls, subsequently passing into the alveolar spaces simultaneously with the outpouring of exudate into the alveoli. It has been shown that the initial mode of invasion may be by direct penetration at one or more points into the walls of the larger bronchi near the hilum. The possibility that primary invasion may occur in terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, or alveoli of the parenchyma near the hilum has not been certainly excluded, though the evidence is against this supposition. In harmony with the mode of distribution of pneurnococci it has been found that the initial lesions of lobar pneumonia are of the interstitial framework of the lung, with respect both to the grosser framework and to the alveolar framework. Hepatization begins centrally and spreads toward the periphery and is a constantly progressive process. With the development of hepatization the conspicuous interstitial lesions of the earliest stages gradually diminish and are often largely masked when complete lobar consolidation has developed. Resolution is frequently accompanied by a varying degree of organization of the grosser framework of the lung. A variable amount of organization of the alveolar exudate also may occur.

A Clinical Assessment of Locabiotal in the Treatment of Infections of the Nose and Throat

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
M F Osman
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Aerosol Inhaler ◽  
Nose And Throat

One hundred and twenty patients suffering from diseases of the nose and throat were admitted to an open clinical trial of the aerosol inhaler Locabiotal which contains the antibiotic fusafungine. The patient population was derived from three sources—out-patients, patients subjected to surgery and emergencies. The aerosol was administered five times daily to the throat or into the nose. The aerosol was highly effective in controlling infection and in relieving the various symptoms of the diseases treated. Variation in particle size was considered to be an advantage in penetrating various parts of the upper respiratory tract. Thirty-three patients experienced minor side-effects. These were thought to be due to misuse of the inhaler, or possible allergy to the antibiotic. This form of medication is recommended for a variety of diseases of the nose and throat.

Parapharyngeal solitary fibrous tumour: an incidental finding at ENT examination

1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Al-Sinawi ◽  
A. N. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Incidental Finding ◽  
Solitary Fibrous Tumour ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Solitary Fibrous Tumours ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nose And Throat

AbstractExtrapleural sites of solitary fibrous tumours have been identified. In a review of the literature 11 cases of solitary fibrous tumours of the upper respiratory tract have been reported. We report the second parapharyngeal solitary fibrous tumour which was discovered as an incidental finding emphasizing the importance of a full ear, nose and throat examination of all patients attending outpatient clinics

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