scholarly journals THE FREQUENCY OF BACILLUS INFLUENZÆ IN THE NOSE AND THROAT IN ACUTE LOBAR PNEUMONIA

1922 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest G. Stillman
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nose And Throat

1. Bacillus influenza is frequently found in association with lobar pneumonia. 2. In lobar pneumonia both Bacillus influenza and pneumococcus are frequently found in the nose. 3. The influenza bacilli found in the upper respiratory tract of cases of lobar pneumonia are of various types. 4. The exact significance of these findings is at the present time not clear.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis G. Blake ◽  
Russell L. Cecil
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Experimental Pneumonia ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nose And Throat ◽  
Intratracheal Injection

1. Lobar pneumonia has been consistently produced in normal monkeys by the intratracheal injection of minute amounts of pneumococcus culture. 2. The disease produced has been shown to be clinically identical with lobar pneumonia in man. 3. Lobar pneumonia has been produced in the monkey in one instance by experimental contact infection. 4. Normal monkeys inoculated in the nose and throat with large amounts of pneumococcus culture have failed to develop lobar pneumonia though carrying the organism in their mouths for at least a month. They have likewise failed to show any evidence of upper respiratory tract infection. 5. Monkeys inoculated subcutaneously or intravenously with pneumococcus culture have in no instance developed pneumonia, but have either died of pneumococcus septicemia or recovered without localization of the infection in the lungs.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Francis G. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Cebus Capucinus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Lymphoid Structures ◽  
Nose And Throat

1. Virulent influenza bacilli, when injected into the nose and throat of monkeys (Cebus capucinus and Macacus syrichtus), excite an acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, characterized by swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membrane, infiltration of the mucosa and subrnucosa with leucocytes, desquamation of epithelial cells, and the production of a mucopurulent exudate. The accessory sinuses are often implicated in the infection. 2. Experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections of the upper respiratory tract are frequently accompanied or followed by bronchiolitis, peribronchial infiltration, and bronchopneumonia with hemorrhage and edema in the early stage, emphysema and bronchiectasis in the later stages. In general, the process closely resembles uncomplicated Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia in man. 3. The injection of virulent influenza bacilli directly into the trachea of monkeys induces in them an experimental bronchiolitis and hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia, similar in all respects to spontaneous Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia. 4. In experimental Bacillus influenzæinfections of either the upper or lower respiratory tract the influenza bacillus can usually be recovered during .the acute stage by culture, either pure or in association with other bacteria. 5. In experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections in monkeys characteristic changes occur in the thymus gland—hyperplasia of the follicles, distention of the lymphatic channels, and infiltration of the parenchyma with leucocytes. This enlargement appears to be merely part of a general hyperplasia of the lymphoid structures in the cervical and thoracic regions.

ERYTHROMYCIN IN THE TREATMENT OF DIPHTHERIA AND DIPHTHERIA CARRIER STATE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344
Author(s):  
M. W. Beach ◽  
W. B. Gamble ◽  
C. H. Zemp ◽  
Margaret Q. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nose And Throat ◽  
Active Disease ◽  
Primary Form

The treatment of acute diphtheria has not been drastically changed by the use of antibiotics. Antitoxin remains the primary form of therapy. However, the eradication of virulent diphtheria bacilli from the upper respiratory tract of patients with the active disease and of carriers is of considerable importance in the control of the disease. Streptomycin is effective in vitro and in infections produced experimentally but it has not been clinically evaluated in acute diphtheria or in the carrier state. Chlortetracycline, chloramphenicol, and oxytetracyline, although active against the causative organisms, have not had sufficient clinical trial to permit evaluation in the control of diphtheria and the carrier state. Penicillin eradicates C. diphtheriae from the nasopharynx in 75 per cent of patients within a period of 3 to 4 days. In this study erythromycin eradicated the C. diptheriae from the nose and throat in all of the cases in an average of 2 days in the active cases and in an average of 3 days in the carrier state. In the treatment of diphtheria erythromycin appears on the basis of the present and of previous studies to be the most promising antibiotic developed to date. Erythromycin is advocated as an adjunct to and not as a substitute for antitoxin in the treatment of acute diphtheria.

scholarly journals Analysis of Ear, Nose and Throat Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. e343-e348
Author(s):  
Mohammad Waheed El-Anwar ◽  
Mohamed Eesa ◽  
Waleed Mansour ◽  
Lamia G. Zake ◽  
Ehsan Hendawy
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Sore Throat ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Fever Hospital ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nose And Throat

Abstract Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has dramatically spread all over the world, crossing the borders of all countries. It is presented mainly by lower respiratory tract symptoms such as fever, cough, dyspnea, and chest tightness. However, COVID-19 causes different upper respiratory tract-related symptoms including nasal congestion, sore throat, and olfactory dysfunction. Objective To discuss different ear, nose and throat (ENT) manifestations in COVID-19-positive patients and their relation to other manifestations and to the severity of COVID-19. Methods We detected ENT manifestations in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed positive COVID-19 patients at Zagazig Isolation Hospitals (Zagazig University hospitals, Zagazig Chest hospital, Al-Ahrar hospital, and Zagazig Fever hospital) with proportional allocation in the period from April 15 to June 15, 2020. All patients were subjected to full history taking and COVID-19 was categorized into 4 classes of severity after all patients underwent computed tomography (CT) of the chest. Afterwards, the collected data was analyzed and compared. Results Among the included 120 COVID-19 patients, the most frequent reported ENT manifestations were; sore throat (30%), nasal congestion (28.3%), nasal obstruction (26.7%), sneezing (26.6%), headache (25%), smell and taste dysfunction (25%), rhinorrhea (20%), upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (15%), and tonsil enlargement (10%). The most common non-ENT manifestations were fever (88.3%), cough (63.3%), and dyspnea (45%). Conclusion Fever and cough are the dominant symptoms of COVID-19, but ENT manifestations for COVID-19 are common and should be a part of the suspected clinical criteria for COVID-19, particularly if the nasal examination was nonsignificant. The most common symptoms are sore throat, followed by nasal congestion and obstruction, headache, and lastly, olfactory dysfunction.

A Clinical Assessment of Locabiotal in the Treatment of Infections of the Nose and Throat

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
M F Osman
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Aerosol Inhaler ◽  
Nose And Throat

One hundred and twenty patients suffering from diseases of the nose and throat were admitted to an open clinical trial of the aerosol inhaler Locabiotal which contains the antibiotic fusafungine. The patient population was derived from three sources—out-patients, patients subjected to surgery and emergencies. The aerosol was administered five times daily to the throat or into the nose. The aerosol was highly effective in controlling infection and in relieving the various symptoms of the diseases treated. Variation in particle size was considered to be an advantage in penetrating various parts of the upper respiratory tract. Thirty-three patients experienced minor side-effects. These were thought to be due to misuse of the inhaler, or possible allergy to the antibiotic. This form of medication is recommended for a variety of diseases of the nose and throat.

Parapharyngeal solitary fibrous tumour: an incidental finding at ENT examination

1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Al-Sinawi ◽  
A. N. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Incidental Finding ◽  
Solitary Fibrous Tumour ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Solitary Fibrous Tumours ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nose And Throat

AbstractExtrapleural sites of solitary fibrous tumours have been identified. In a review of the literature 11 cases of solitary fibrous tumours of the upper respiratory tract have been reported. We report the second parapharyngeal solitary fibrous tumour which was discovered as an incidental finding emphasizing the importance of a full ear, nose and throat examination of all patients attending outpatient clinics

scholarly journals STUDIES UPON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN RABBITS

1915 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Kline ◽  
M. C. Winternitz
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Foreign Material ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Inflammatory Changes

1. The production of lobar pneumonia in rabbits is dependent upon the introduction of organisms into the alveoli themselves. 2. In order to accomplish this the catheter through which they are injected must be inserted as deeply into a bronchus as possible and the culture fluid injected with considerable force. 3. Large numbers of organisms injected into the trachea just beyond the larynx set up no great changes in the lungs, even though the injection be forcible. This fact suggests the presence of a protective mechanism in the upper air passages, which, under normal conditions, prevents the penetration of organisms into the lungs. 4. If animals be subjected to cold, alcohol, and the inhalation of irritating gases, the so called secondary factors in the etiology of lobar pneumonia in man, then the injection of pneumococci into the trachea causes inflammatory changes of the upper respiratory tract and occasionally pneumonia. 5. The vagi prevent foreign material in the pharynx and upper respiratory tract from reaching the lungs. Section of one vagus may be followed by pneumonia, while section of both invariably leads to this result. 6. It is possible that the secondary factors mentioned above owe their action to their influence upon the vagus control of the upper respiratory tract.

scholarly journals DETECTION OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS IN THE NOSE AND THROAT AND GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT OF HUMAN BEINGS AND MONKEYS

1939 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Kramer ◽  
B. Hoskwith ◽  
L. H. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Nose And Throat

Five strains of virus were recovered from nasal washings and feces. Four strains were of human origin, the fifth strain came from a monkey sacrificed at the height of the disease. Of the four human strains the first was isolated from the feces of a 14 year old child 7 days after the onset of illness. The second strain was from the nasal washings of a 6½ year old child, 5 days after the onset of illness. The third and fourth strains were recovered from the same patient, a 2½ year old child, 9 days after the onset of illness. One of these strains was obtained from nasopharyngeal washings and the other from the feces. The single monkey strain was isolated from the upper intestinal segment and appears to be the only instance of its isolation from this source in the literature. We believe that the detection of the virus in the nasal washings of two additional patients during convalescence lends further support to the belief that the virus of poliomyelitis is spread by human contact. Furthermore, the recovery of the virus from the gastro-intestinal tract with as great or greater frequency as from the upper respiratory tract, need not, it appears to us, alter our concept of the mode of entrance of the virus into the body, namely, by way of the upper respiratory tract. If the presence of the virus is conceded, then a consideration of the physiologic passage of nasal and oral secretions into the gastro-intestinal tract by reflex swallowing would serve to explain adequately the presence of the virus in those organs. It might even be further predicated that since the gastro-intestinal tract functions as a temporary reservoir for secretions from the upper respiratory tract, the gut should, after a time, contain the virus in higher concentration than any single sample of secretion obtained from the upper respiratory tract by nasal washing. It appears to us that failures to detect the virus in the gastro-intestinal tract are perhaps more indicative of inadequate procedures for its detection than of its absence. The recovery of the virus from the feces 7 and 9 days after the onset of illness takes on added significance. It indicates first, that the virus withstands the gastric acidity which under normal physiological conditions tends to keep gastric contents relatively free of bacteria. It further suggests that improper disposal of feces from patients with poliomyelitis may have serious public health consequences, particularly in smaller communities where inadequate sewage disposal may result in contamination of surrounding beaches or even local water systems.

scholarly journals Streptococcal school outbreaks: a method of investigation and control

1966 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan M. Boissard ◽  
R. M. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Streptococcal Infection ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Initial Investigation ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
And Control ◽  
Nose And Throat

A method of controlling outbreaks of streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract in communities such as boarding schools is described.It is suggested that, in a search for carriers, nose and mouth swabs should be taken in place of the customary nose and throat swabs. These swabs will detect those who are dispersing streptococci into the environment, as distinct from the carriers who are not dispersers. It is essential that infections of the skin and ears should also be looked for.It is recommended that all dispersers, whether nose or mouth positive, should receive sulphanilamide insufflation in both nostrils twice daily for a week, or longer if necessary, without exclusion from school. In addition, penicillin lozenges for 2 days may be recommended for the mouth positives only.The history is considered to be an important factor in deciding the extent of the initial investigation, and examples are given to illustrate this. When mass swabbing is considered necessary, it is highly desirable that the whole community should be swabbed at the same time, as early as possible in the outbreak. It is also desirable that bacteriological follow-up should be available to check that control has been effected.

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