scholarly journals A PURE STRAIN OF CARTILAGE CELLS IN VITRO

1922 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Small Lymphocyte ◽  
Pure Strain ◽  
Thin Membranes ◽  
Cartilage Cells ◽  
Cultivation In Vitro ◽  
Large Nucleolus

1. A strain of cartilage cells, obtained from the pars cartilago scleræ of the eye of chick embryos, has been cultivated for more than 3 months in vitro. 2. The initial growth of the cartilage was possible only on the free surface of the coagulum. 3. The hyaline substance disappeared during cultivation in vitro. The succeeding stages of a transformation from small, lymphocyte-like cells into large, spindle-shaped cells were observed. The cartilage cells were spindle-shaped and grew in close contact, forming thin membranes. In surface-grown cartilage cells, the nucleus, usually containing one large nucleolus, stained less deeply than the cytoplasm. 4. The rate of growth of cartilage was slower than that of fibroblasts and epithelium. After cultivation on the surface of the coagulum, the cartilage cells could multiply even when embedded in the coagulum. But their growth was less extensive and uniform.

scholarly journals CULTURES OF ORGANIZED TISSUES

1922 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Small Body ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Cultivation In Vitro

An artificial organism, if one may so term it, composed of a complex of tissues, was cultivated for a long period of time. Small fragments of intestine from chick embryos 20 to 21 days old were placed in a suitable medium. The epithelium proliferated and completely covered the fragment of intestine after 4 to 6 days. A small body was thus formed, round or oblong in shape, surrounded by cylindrical epithelium and containing epithelial, connective, and muscle tissues, endothelium, and ameboid cells. After a month's cultivation in vitro, no necrosis had occurred. Therefore, it may be assumed that, through the intestinal epithelium, the medium supplied the intestinal tissue with sufficient nourishment. No uncontrolled proliferation took place after the epithelium bad surrounded the entire fragment. The cultivation of complex tissues will facilitate the study of the interactions of the different cells under various conditions. In some experiments, pure cultures of epithelial cells were grafted into such an "organism" without difficulty. The growth of malignant cells could be studied in the same way. When the "organism" was placed in a fluid medium, the epithelium remained normal but the stroma disappeared. It seems that plasma played an important rôle in the maintenance of the tissues in their normal condition.

The Behaviour in vitro of Dissociated Embryonic Pituitary Tissue

Development ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-526
Author(s):  
H. Sobel
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Histological Differentiation ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Discrete State ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Cultivation In Vitro

It was previously reported (A. Moscona & H. Moscona, 1952) that the tissues of limb-buds and mesonephroi of early chick embryos can be dissociated into suspensions of discrete viable cells which, under certain conditions of cultivation in vitro, reaggregate into clusters and re-establish a tissue-like association. Upon further cultivation in vitro these primary cellular associations became transformed into organized tissue patterns, the development of which proceeds to the level of typical histological differentiation. Owing to the nature of the experimental material studied so far, it has mainly been the capacity of the aggregates for re-establishing typical intercellular relationship that has come prominently into view. The present observations were aimed at examining the capacity of cells, aggregated from a discrete state, to resume and complete differentiation on the cellular level, e.g. to achieve a cytologically characteristic secretory status. The normally developed cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary carry a distinct mark of their state of differentiation—the secretory granules.

scholarly journals Observations on the changes seen in living cells during growth and division

1922 ◽  
Vol 94 (658) ◽  
pp. 137-141 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Living Cells ◽  
Glass Slide ◽  
Paraffin Wax ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Hollow Glass ◽  
Cartilage Cells ◽  
Embryo Chick ◽  
And Cartilage

The observations recorded in this paper were made on cultures in vitro of embryonic and adult chick tissues. The cultures chiefly studied were choroidal cells from the eyes of seven to nine days’ chick embryos and cartilage cells from knee-joints of adult fowls. The method of cultivation was embedding small fragments of tissue on a coverslip in one drop of chick plasma, to which was added one drop of embryo chick extract. The coverslip was inverted over a hollow glass slide, sealed with melted paraffin wax, and at once placed in an incubator at 39° C. The tissues were sub-cultured every second day. The cells observed were found in cultures which had been growing for 24 hours in the incubator after sub-culture.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF LIVER AND PITUITARY DIGESTS ON THE PROLIFERATION OF SARCOMATOUS FIBROBLASTS OF THE RAT

1928 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lillian E. Baker ◽  
Alexis Carrel
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Proliferative Activity ◽  
Fatty Degeneration ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Pure Strain ◽  
Cultivation In Vitro

1. A media containing all the essential constituents for the cultivation in vitro of sarcomatous fibroblasts of the rat has been prepared by digesting calf liver and also the anterior lobe of the pituitary body with pepsin. 2. The nutritive action of the pituitary digests is not altered by thorough extraction with ether. 3. After a pure strain of sarcomatous fibroblasts had been cultivated for 3 months in a liver digest, its proliferative activity was as great as at the beginning of the experiment. The same was true of the colonies cultivated for 1 month in a digest of pituitary gland. The increase in the volume of the colonies which takes place in the digests is about as great as that produced by chick embryo juice. 4. Normal chicken fibroblasts also proliferate in both digests, but they undergo fatty degeneration after a more or less prolonged period of cultivation.

scholarly journals AN ETIOLOGIC CONSIDERATION OF DONOVANIA GRANULOMATIS CULTIVATED FROM GRANULOMA INGUINALE (THREE CASES) IN EMBRYONIC YOLK

1945 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Anderson ◽  
W. A. DeMonbreun ◽  
E. W. Goodpasture
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Human Tissue ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Pure Strain ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Granuloma Inguinale

1. A microorganism identical with that originally described by Anderson has been cultivated in pure strain from two additional cases of granuloma inguinale by means of inoculating the yolk of chick embryos with uncontaminated human tissue containing Donovan bodies. 2. The morphological and cultural characteristics of the three isolated strains are described and discussed. 3. This microorganism has been cultivated in vitro only in media containing embryonic yolk. It failed to grow on any of a variety of artificial media. 4. It has not proved to be pathogenic for common experimental animals. 5. The Donovan body is reproduced in the epithelial cells of the yolk sac and in the yolk. The microorganism evidently reproduces both extracellularly and intracellularly. 6. The microorganism produces in culture antigens that elicit immune reactions in the skin and serum of granuloma inguinale patients. 7. This microorganism is judged to be a bacterium and the etiological agent of granuloma inguinale. 8. It is proposed that these strains of the bacterium be the type of a new genus, Donovania, in recognition of Donovan's original description of the pathognomonic bodies of granuloma inguinale; and that the specific name granulomatis be applied to designate its relationship to the characteristic lesion of the disease.

scholarly journals THU0035 OX40L EXPRESSING NEUTROPHILS INDUCE CD4 T FOLLICULAR AND PERIPHERAL HELPER CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 230.2-231
Author(s):  
A. Pappalardo ◽  
E. Wojciechowski ◽  
I. Odriozola ◽  
I. Douchet ◽  
N. Merillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Research Support

Background:Neutrophils have been described as potent antigen-presenting cells able to activate T cells by MHC/TCR interaction and costimulatory molecules in tumor immunity. However, little is known about the direct interaction between neutrophils and CD4 T cells with respect to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We have previously shown that OX40L expressed by monocytes from SLE patients promote the differentiation of naïve and memory cells into IL21 secreting T cells that are able to help B cells1,2.Objectives:In this study, we investigate OX40L expression on neutrophils from SLE patients and contribution of these OX40L+neutrophils in SLE pathogenesis to modulation of the B cell helper role of CD4 T cells.Methods:Surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules (OX40L, ICOSL, GITRL, 4-1BBL) on neutrophils from SLE patients and healthy donors (HD) was measured by flow cytometry (FC). Neutrophils from HD were stimulated with TLR7 or TLR8 agonists and IFNα after 5 hours of culture, OX40L expression was measured by FC and Western Blotting. CD4 T cells were cultured with the stimulated neutrophils for 3 days. At the end of the co-culture, percentages of IL21-expressing T follicular (Tfh) and peripheral helper (Tph) cells measured by FC. These generated T cells were also cultured in the presence of memory B cells. After 5 days of co-culture, plasmablast generation and Ig levels were assessed by FC and ELISA, respectively. Inhibition of OX40-OX40L interaction in vitro was achieved using ISB 830, a novel anti-OX40 mAb currently used in clinical trials.Results:Among the co-stimulatory molecules tested, percentages of OX40L+neutrophils in SLE (n=54) were increased compared to HD (n=25)(mean + SD: HD = 1,34%±1.62 vs SLE = 4,53%±8.1; p=0.29). OX40L expression positively correlated with SLE disease activity score (SLEDAI) (p = 0,04; r = 0,31) and with anti-DNA antibodies (p= 0,04, r = 0,33). Of note, the percentage of OX40L+neutrophils was higher in anti-sm-RNP+patients (n=16, mean= 9%±9.8), compared to anti-sm-RNP-patients (n=27, mean = 1,4%±2.5; p = 0,02). The percentage of OX40L+neutrophils was higher in patients with class III or IV lupus nephritis, and inflammatory infiltrate within the kidney biopsy disclosed OX40L+neutrophils, in close contact with T cells. Neutrophils from HD express OX40L with TLR8 agonist, or IFNα priming followed by TLR7 agonist. When memory CD4 T cells were cultured in the presence of TLR8-stimulated neutrophils, the proportion of IL21-expressing Tfh (CXCR5+PD1+) and Tph (CXCR5-PD1hi) were increased, compared to culture with unstimulated neutrophils. This process was dependent on OX40-OX40L interactions, since in vitro treatment with the anti-OX40 blocking antibody ISB 830, inhibited the differentiation of memory T cells into Tfh and Tph. Both generated Tfh and Tph were able to promote the differentiation of memory B cells into Ig-secreting plasmablasts.Conclusion:Our results disclose an unprecedented phenomenon where cross-talk between TLR7/8-activated neutrophils and CD4 lymphocytes operates through OX40L-OX40 costimulation, and neutrophils promote the differentiation of pro-inflammatory Tfh and Tph, as well as IL21 production. Therefore, OX40L/OX40 should be considered as a potentially therapeutic axis in SLE patients.References:[1]Jacquemin et al. Immunity 2015;[2]Jacquemin et al. JCI Insight 2018Disclosure of Interests:Angela Pappalardo Grant/research support from: Ichnos Sciences, Elodie Wojciechowski: None declared, Itsaso Odriozola: None declared, Isabelle Douchet: None declared, Nathalie Merillon: None declared, Andrea Boizard-Moracchini: None declared, Pierre Duffau: None declared, Estibaliz Lazaro: None declared, Marie-Agnes Doucey Employee of: Ichnos Sciences, Lamine Mbow Employee of: Ichnos Sciences, Christophe Richez Consultant of: Abbvie, Amgen, Mylan, Pfizer, Sandoz and UCB., Patrick Blanco Grant/research support from: Ichnos Sciences

scholarly journals Establishment of a New Device for Electrical Stimulation of Non-Degenerative Cartilage Cells In Vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 394
Author(s):  
Simone Krueger ◽  
Alexander Riess ◽  
Anika Jonitz-Heincke ◽  
Alina Weizel ◽  
Anika Seyfarth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Type I ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
New Device ◽  
Alternating Electric Fields ◽  
Cartilage Cells ◽  
Stimulation Of

In cell-based therapies for cartilage lesions, the main problem is still the formation of fibrous cartilage, caused by underlying de-differentiation processes ex vivo. Biophysical stimulation is a promising approach to optimize cell-based procedures and to adapt them more closely to physiological conditions. The occurrence of mechano-electrical transduction phenomena within cartilage tissue is physiological and based on streaming and diffusion potentials. The application of exogenous electric fields can be used to mimic endogenous fields and, thus, support the differentiation of chondrocytes in vitro. For this purpose, we have developed a new device for electrical stimulation of chondrocytes, which operates on the basis of capacitive coupling of alternating electric fields. The reusable and sterilizable stimulation device allows the simultaneous use of 12 cavities with independently applicable fields using only one main supply. The first parameter settings for the stimulation of human non-degenerative chondrocytes, seeded on collagen type I elastin-based scaffolds, were derived from numerical electric field simulations. Our first results suggest that applied alternating electric fields induce chondrogenic re-differentiation at the gene and especially at the protein level of human de-differentiated chondrocytes in a frequency-dependent manner. In future studies, further parameter optimizations will be performed to improve the differentiation capacity of human cartilage cells.

scholarly journals STUDIES OF THE DEGENERATION AND REGENERATION OF AXIS CYLINDERS IN VITRO

1913 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnvald Ingebrigtsen
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
Chick Embryos

1. The brains of chick embryos, of cats six weeks old, of rabbits two months old, and of dogs three weeks old, when cultivated in vitro, develop long filaments which, according to their growth and their anatomical and tinctorial characters, must be considered as true axis cylinders. 2. Similar structures develop from spinal ganglia of rabbits seven months old, and from the spinal cord of cats six weeks old, and of rabbits two months old. 3. When severed from their origin by section these threads undergo degenerative changes which do not appear after nine hours, but which are seen after twenty hours, and continue until in the course of the following two days the thread degenerates completely. 4. After twenty hours the development of new axis cylinders from the central part of the cut fibers is observed.

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