RESISTANCE OF BACTERIAL SPORES TO THE TRIPHENYLMETHANE DYES

1. Bacterial spores are highly resistant to the bactericidal action of the triphenylmethane dyes. Many Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus subtilis spores resist a saturated aqueous solution of gentian violet for 24 hours at 37°C. They also resist exposure to the same dye solution for 10 minutes at 80°C. 2. The selective bactericidal action of these dyes applies only to the vegetative cells. Spores of the Gram-positive bacteria are more resistant to these dyes than the vegetative cells of Gram-negative bacteria. 3. The vegetative cells of Bacillus anthracis show variation in resistance to the bacteriostatic action of gentian violet. The spores of Bacillus anthracis show variation in resistance to the bactericidal action of gentian violet. 4. Bacillus anthracis can increase in resistance to the bacteriostatic action of gentian violet and grow in dye dilutions inhibiting the original culture. There is the possibility of pathogenic organisms becoming dye-resistant in the body when exposed to non-bactericidal concentrations. For this reason it is advisable to use the greatest concentration of dye compatible with tissue tolerance. 5. Since the spores of pathogenic bacteria may lie dormant for longer periods than the dyes retain their bacteriostatic action in the body frequent applications of the dye should be made in preventing infections by spore-bearing bacteria.

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THE REVERSE SELECTIVE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF ACID FUCHSIN

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.39.4.613 ◽

1924 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 613-624 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Victor Burke ◽

Charles E. Skinner

Keyword(s):

Bactericidal Action ◽

Acid Fuchsin ◽

Basic Fuchsin ◽

Triphenylmethane Dyes ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Selective Action ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Spore Resistance ◽

Bacteriostatic Action

1. The reverse selective action attributed to acid fuchsin can be explained on the basis of spore resistance. This action does not apply to the vegetative cells of Gram-positive spore bearers. It cannot be extended to include the Gram-negative spore bearers. 2. The selective action of acid fuchsin is that of an ordinary weak disinfectant and is not comparable to the selective action of the triphenylmethane dyes. 3. A lack of parallelism between the bactericidal and bacteriostatic action of acid fuchsin can be explained on the basis of spore resistance and it does not exist when spores are excluded. 4. Acid fuchsin is a weaker disinfectant than basic fuchsin for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The process of sulfonation by which acid fuchsin is made from basic fuchsin results in a reduction in the bactericidal action of the dye for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. 5. The most significant fact in the action of the dyes on bacteria is the toxic effect of the triphenylmethane dyes on Gram-positive spore-bearing organisms.

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Mechanisms and practical use of the bactericidal effects of ozone and ozonated oils

Terapevt (General Physician) ◽

10.33920/med-12-2006-06 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 45-52

Author(s):

S. Schetinin

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Aerobic Metabolism ◽

Active Oxygen ◽

The Body ◽

Bactericidal Action ◽

Ozone Therapy ◽

Energy Substrates ◽

Bactericidal Effects ◽

Viral Nature

The analysis of the clinical and immunological effectiveness of ozone therapy is carried out. The mechanism of the bactericidal action of ozone in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of a bacterial and viral nature is analyzed. Ozonation of oils leads to the formation of a complex and heterogeneous cascade of components. Ozonides provide the body with some prolonged supply of active oxygen to maintain aerobic metabolism and the required level of energy substrates.

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ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY USING AN AUTOLOGOUS COMPLEX OF IMMUNOPEPTIDES IN THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PERIODONTITIS

Periódico Tchê Química ◽

10.52571/ptq.v17.n35.2020.34_sevbitov_pgs_381_390.pdf ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (35) ◽

pp. 381-390

Author(s):

Andrei SEVBITOV ◽

Alla DAVIDYANTS ◽

Roman BALYKIN ◽

Anton TIMOSHIN ◽

Mariya KUZNETSOVA

Keyword(s):

Innate Immunity ◽

Surgical Treatment ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

The State ◽

The Body ◽

Immunological Methods ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Antimicrobial Protection

Periodontal disease in the adult population is one of the most pressing problems of dentistry around the world. Thanks to the introduction of modern technologies in practice, it was possible to identify the main mechanisms of the development of this disease at the molecular and genetic level. The interaction of periodontal pathogens with immune factors of antimicrobial protection of the body is the basis of periodontal tissue inflammation and further leads to the destruction of the alveolar bone. Epithelial cells of the gum mucosa play a crucial role against periodontal pathogenic bacteria. Factors of innate immunity play a role not only in antimicrobial protection, but they also support the conditions necessary for the healing and regeneration of periodontal tissues. Therefore, various therapeutic approaches that affect the factors of innate immunity are considered as effective and promising. Clinical examination and determination of factors of innate immunity were performed in 115 patients. Healthy individuals made up a group of 30 people. Patients with chronic generalized periodontitis with varying degrees of severity were 85 people. Each patient underwent orthopantomography on the orthopantomograph Orthophosis XG DS/Ceph (SIRONA Dental System GmbH, Germany) in order to assess the state of the bone tissue of the jaws (the degree of destruction of the cortical layer, the degree of resorption of the interalveolar partitions). Targeted intraoral radiographs were used to assess the state of bone tissue and the quality of surgical treatment. Immunological methods of research were carried out in several stages. The findings of this article make the claim that the use of autologous complex immunopeptides in the surgical treatment of periodontitis reduces the time of achieving a therapeutic effect 2 times, resulting in the rapid relief of the symptoms of inflammation and acceleration of reparative processes.

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Bacillus subtilis Spores Germinate in the Chicken Gastrointestinal Tract

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00580-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 74 (16) ◽

pp. 5254-5258 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

Stephen T. Cartman ◽

Roberto M. La Ragione ◽

Martin J. Woodward

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Bacterial Spores ◽

Gi Tract ◽

Vegetative Cells

ABSTRACT A number of poultry probiotics contain bacterial spores. In this study, orally administered spores of Bacillus subtilis germinated in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of chicks. Furthermore, 20 h after spores were administered, vegetative cells outnumbered spores throughout the GI tract. This demonstrates that spore-based probiotics may function in this host through metabolically active mechanisms.

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Detection and Fate of Bacillus anthracis (Sterne) Vegetative Cells and Spores Added to Bulk Tank Milk†

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-66.12.2349 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 66 (12) ◽

pp. 2349-2354 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

MICHAEL L. PERDUE ◽

JEFF KARNS ◽

JIM HIGGINS ◽

JO ANN VAN KESSEL

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Anthracis ◽

Protective Antigen ◽

Lethal Factor ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽

Vegetative Cells ◽

Bulk Tank Milk ◽

Bulk Tank

A preparation of Bacillus anthracis (Sterne strain) spores was used to evaluate commercially available reagents and portable equipment for detecting anthrax contamination by using real-time PCR and was used to assess the fate of spores added directly to bulk tank milk. The Ruggedized Advanced Pathogen Identification Device (RAPID) was employed to detect spores in raw milk down to a concentration of 2,500 spores per ml. Commercially available primers and probes developed to detect either the protective antigen gene or the lethal factor gene both provided easily read positive signals with the RAPID following extraction from milk with a commercially available DNA extraction kit. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the vrrA gene with the use of DNA extracted from spiked milk provided molecular data that readily identified the spores as B. anthracis with a 100% BLAST match to the Sterne and Ames strains and easily distinguished them from B. cereus. Physical-fate and thermal-stability studies demonstrated that spores and vegetative cells have a strong affinity for the cream fraction of whole milk. A single treatment at standard pasteurization temperatures, while 100% lethal to vegetative cells, had no effect on spore viability even 14 days after the treatment. Twenty-four hours after the first treatment, a second treatment at 72°C for 15 s reduced the viability of the population by ca. 99% but still did not kill all of the spores. From these studies, we conclude that standard pasteurization techniques for milk would have little effect on the viability of B. anthracis spores and that raw or pasteurized milk poses no obstacles to the rapid detection of the spores by molecular techniques.

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Inactivation of Vegetative Cells, but Not Spores, of Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. subtilis on Stainless Steel Surfaces Coated with an Antimicrobial Silver- and Zinc-Containing Zeolite Formulation

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.69.7.4329-4331.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 69 (7) ◽

pp. 4329-4331 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Belinda Galeano ◽

Emily Korff ◽

Wayne L. Nicholson

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Bacillus Anthracis ◽

Vegetative Cells ◽

Test Conditions ◽

Steel Surfaces ◽

Zeolite Coating

ABSTRACT Stainless steel surfaces coated with paints containing a silver- and zinc-containing zeolite (AgION antimicrobial) were assayed in comparison to uncoated stainless steel for antimicrobial activity against vegetative cells and spores of three Bacillus species, namely, B. anthracis Sterne, B. cereus T, and B. subtilis 168. Under the test conditions (25°C and 80% relative humidity), the zeolite coating produced approximately 3 log10 inactivation of vegetative cells within a 5- to 24-h period, but viability of spores of the three species was not significantly affected.

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Recovery of bacterial spores and vegetative cells with a miniature spray drier

Journal of Biochemical and Microbiological Technology and Engineering ◽

10.1002/jbmte.390030110 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 87-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Morris Rhian ◽

Daniel C. Lynch

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Spores ◽

Spray Drier ◽

Vegetative Cells

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ON THE NATURE OF BACTEREMIA IN EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA IN THE DOG

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.97.2.297 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 297-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lucien A. Gregg ◽

O. H. Robertson

Keyword(s):

Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽

The Body ◽

Bactericidal Action ◽

Principal Mechanism ◽

Shed Blood ◽

Humoral Immune ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Experimental Canine

With the purpose of ascertaining the influence exerted by the pneumococcidal activity of the blood on the course of bacteremia occurring in experimental canine pneumococcal pneumonia, a study was made of the rates at which intravenously injected pneumococci disappeared from the circulation and the shed blood of diseased dogs. Preliminary studies on normal animals showed that blood containing hundreds of thousands of pneumococci per cc. immediately after injection usually became sterile or nearly so within an hour's time. Simultaneous observations carried out on the blood in vitro showed an analogous rapid disappearance of the microorganisms, although the effect was not quite as marked. Similar tests on non-bacteremic dogs with pneumonia revealed essentially the same ability of the body to dispose of large numbers of circulating pneumococci. The shed blood likewise exhibited marked bactericidal power. The occurrence of bacteremia during pneumonia did not retard greatly the rate at which injected pneumococci disappeared from the circulation, as compared with the non-bacteremic state. After several hours the numbers of circulating microorganisms were approximately the same as prior to the intravenous injection. Blood in vitro often cleared as fully as it did in vivo over the same length of time. Studies on the role played by humoral immune substances in the bactericidal action of the blood showed that while their presence was necessary for maximum killing power, and that bacteremic blood lacking humoral immune properties was rarely capable of self-sterilization in vitro, nevertheless such blood often retained considerable bactericidal potency as shown by its ability to reduce materially the numbers of pneumococci added to it. This phenomenon is discussed. The marked pneumococcidal capacity of the blood exhibited by dogs with experimental pneumococcal pneumonia and its persistence during bacteremia suggest that this constitutes the principal mechanism for limiting the degree of blood invasion. The similarity of the findings in canine and human pneumococcal lobar pneumonia is pointed out.

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