scholarly journals BRAIN TO BRAIN TRANSMISSION OF THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND VIRUS IN YOUNG GUINEA PIGS

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Paul Hudson ◽  
Floyd S. Markham
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Submaxillary Glands ◽  
Cellular Inclusions ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
Microscopic Pathology ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Spontaneous Infection

The submaxillary gland virus of guinea pigs was serially transmitted from brain to brain in young guinea pigs. The source of virus was the submaxillary glands of six groups of stock animals. Brain to brain transfer was effected in two series, in one to the second generation and in the other to the third. The transmission was evidenced by the presence of nervous symptoms and death and by a typical microscopic pathology of the brain. Only certain attempts were successful, ten of twenty-three brain to brain injections being fatal with the specific histopathology present in five. A few observations suggest that the virus may be present spontaneously in the gland and experimentally in the brain without cellular changes being demonstrable, or before they are evident. While we were able to transmit the virus from brain to brain with fatal results by single injections of small doses, this was not readily accomplished and the transmission failed after two or three passages. We were unable to show any perceptible increase in virulence or adaptation of the virus to the brain tissue of the natural host. The histopathology was that of a meningoencephalitis. The inflammatory reaction irregularly involved the meninges, the underlying brain substance, and the perivascular tissue of the meninges and upper cortical layer. These structures were infiltrated with mononuclear cells, many of which contained a typical acidophilic inclusion. Congestion of cerebral capillaries uniformly occurred and various degrees of recent hemorrhage were frequently found. Necrosis was noted only when associated with an occasional area of extensive hemorrhage. Similar changes were observed in sections of the spinal cord. When sufficient time (15 days or more) elapsed between cerebral inoculation and death, typical cellular inclusions were seen in the salivary glands, whereas none was found in animals that died earlier (7 to 9 days). Under the first mentioned conditions, inclusions were demonstrated in the parotid and mucous portion of the submaxillary glands, although in spontaneously infected animals, we failed to find the mucous portion involved and other workers report that the parotid is spared. About one-third of the stock guinea pigs examined showed cellular inclusions in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of epithelial duct cells of the serous part of the submaxillary gland. From an analysis of the results of brain to brain inoculations, it was evident that spontaneous infection and resistance to cerebral inoculation increased with age. The 3rd week of life is the period of choice for such experimentation.

scholarly journals FURTHER STUDIES CONCERNING THE FILTRABLE VIRUS PRESENT IN THE SUBMAXILLARY GLANDS OF GUINEA PIGS

1927 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 935-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann G. Kuttner
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Intracerebral Inoculation ◽  
Submaxillary Glands ◽  
Direct Inoculation ◽  
In Series ◽  
Subcutaneous Inoculation

1. It has been shown that the guinea pig virus localizes in the submaxillary glands of young guinea pigs following subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous injection of active material, and that the specific lesion is demonstrable in the glands in 12 to 15 days. When an active infection of the gland has been produced in this way, the guinea pigs are refractory to intracerebral inoculation of the virus. 2. No lesion develops in the submaxillary glands of young guinea pigs injected subcutaneously with guinea pig virus which has been inactivated by heat. Young guinea pigs which have received injections of heat-killed virus do not become refractory to intracerebral inoculation of the virus. 3. When young guinea pigs from which both submaxillary glands have been removed are injected subcutaneously with active virus, the virus localizes in the parotid gland, and the animals become refractory to intracerebral inoculation. 4. It has been impossible to demonstrate virucidal properties in the sera of adult guinea pigs which have become spontaneously infected with the virus, or in the sera of young guinea pigs which have been artificially rendered refractory to intracerebral inoculation. 5. It has been possible to transmit the virus from guinea pig to guinea pig continuously in series through seven animals by direct inoculation from submaxillary gland to submaxillary gland. 6. The fact that the virus regularly localizes in the submaxillary glands following subcutaneous inoculation has been utilized in passing the virus from guinea pig to guinea pig. 2 weeks after the subcutaneous inoculation of the virus into young guinea pigs, the active agent was present in the submaxillary glands. Emulsions of the submaxillary glands of these animals were then used for the subcutaneous injection of another group of young guinea pigs. In this way the virus was transmitted continuously from skin to submaxillary gland through a series of seven animals.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INCLUSION BODIES FOUND IN THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF INFANTS, AND THE OCCURRENCE OF INCLUSION BODIES IN THE SUBMAXILLARY GLANDS OF HAMSTERS, WHITE MICE, AND WILD RATS (PEIPING)

1934 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann G. Kuttner ◽  
Shao-Hsun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Intranuclear Inclusion ◽  
Submaxillary Glands ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Species Being

1. Acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies occur in the salivary glands of Chinese infants dying from miscellaneous causes. The lesion is similar to that previously described in infants in Europe and America. 2. Attempts to prove that this lesion is due to an infectious agent by its production in animals have been unsuccessful. 3. Acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies have been found in the submaxillary glands of hamsters, white mice, and wild rats. 4. Evidence is presented to show that the lesion in hamsters, white mice, and wild rats is due to a virus, which is specific for each species, being transmissible to normal individuals of this breed, and which is very similar to the submaxillary gland virus of guinea pigs.

scholarly journals Whole body autoradiographic distribution of exogenously administered renin in mice.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 776-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Iwao ◽  
N Nakamura ◽  
F Ikemoto ◽  
K Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Iodine ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Submaxillary Glands ◽  
Mouse Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
The Brain

The distribution of exogenously administered renin was investigated using whole body autoradiography. Purified renin from mouse submaxillary gland (SR) was labeled with radioactive iodine (125I). This labeled renin (125I-SR) and Na125I were administered into the tail vein of male ddY mice, in doses of 10.2 and 16.4 mu Ci/30 g body weight, respectively. Mice were killed by an overdose of ether, and autoradiography was performed on whole body sections. To separate free 125I liberated from 125I-SR, sections were treated with perchloric acid. A major accumulation of 125I-SR, acid-insoluble, was evident in the renal cortex, whereas the hepatic accumulation of 125I-SR was minor. Radioactivity in the thyroid and submaxillary glands, in the stomach, and in urine was also apparent, but disappeared after acid treatment, except in the thyroid glands. Radioactivity in the brain, intestinal content, spleen, and adrenal glands was nil. These autoradiograms provide the first evidence that exogenously administered renin is mainly distributed in the renal cortex.

scholarly journals FURTHER STUDIES ON THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND VIRUSES OF RATS AND GUINEA PIGS

1935 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 805-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann G. Kuttner ◽  
T'sun T'ung
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Submaxillary Glands ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Intratracheal Injection

1. It has not been possible to increase the virulence of the submaxillary gland viruses of guinea pigs and rats, either by reducing the resistance of the animals by exposure to X-ray, or by the addition of testicular extract (Duran-Reynals factor). 2. In guinea pigs and wild rats with spontaneously infected submaxillary glands, the kidney has been found to contain the virus in the absence of demonstrable pathological changes. 3. Direct injection of these viruses into the kidney produces only mild, circumscribed lesions. 4. The viruses, following subcutaneous injection into white rats and guinea pigs, are widely distributed 2 weeks after injection. They are present in the submaxillary glands, cervical lymph nodes, kidney, and lung. They were not demonstrable at this time in the blood, liver, or spleen. 5. By the intratracheal injection of large doses of virus in guinea pigs and rats, an interstitial bronchopneumonia with thickening of the alveolar and bronchial walls and the presence of acidophilic inclusion bodies, can be produced. 6. No evidence was obtained to indicate that the multiplication of bacteria in the lung is greatly enhanced by the injection of these viruses.

scholarly journals The Peptide Vaccine Combined with Prior Immunization of a Conventional Diphtheria-Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine Induced AmyloidβBinding Antibodies on Cynomolgus Monkeys and Guinea Pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Yano ◽  
Kaori Ito ◽  
Yoshikatsu Miwa ◽  
Yoshito Kanazawa ◽  
Akiko Chiba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Peptide Vaccine ◽  
Cell Epitope ◽  
T Cell Epitope ◽  
Peptide Vaccination ◽  
Binding Profile ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
The Brain

The reduction of brain amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides by anti-Aβantibodies is one of the possible therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. We previously reported that the Aβpeptide vaccine including the T-cell epitope of diphtheria-tetanus combined toxoid (DT) induced anti-Aβantibodies, and the prior immunization with conventional DT vaccine enhanced the immunogenicity of the peptide. Cynomolgus monkeys were given the peptide vaccine subcutaneously in combination with the prior DT vaccination. Vaccination with a similar regimen was also performed on guinea pigs. The peptide vaccine induced anti-Aβantibodies in cynomolgus monkeys and guinea pigs without chemical adjuvants, and excessive immune responses were not observed. Those antibodies could preferentially recognize Aβ40, and Aβ42compared to Aβfibrils. The levels of serum anti-Aβantibodies and plasma Aβpeptides increased in both animals and decreased the brain Aβ40level of guinea pigs. The peptide vaccine could induce a similar binding profile of anti-Aβantibodies in cynomolgus monkeys and guinea pigs. The peptide vaccination could be expected to reduce the brain Aβpeptides and their toxic effects via clearance of Aβpeptides by generated antibodies.

scholarly journals THE PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF STREPTOCOCCI FROM CASES OF POLIOMYELITIS AND OTHER SOURCES

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll G. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Streptococci cultivated from the tonsils of thirty-two cases of poliomyelitis were used to inoculate various laboratory animals. In no case was a condition induced resembling poliomyelitis clinically or pathologically in guinea pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, or monkeys. On the other hand, a considerable percentage of the rabbits and a smaller percentage of some of the other animals developed lesions due to streptococci. These lesions consisted of meningitis, meningo-encephalitis, abscess of the brain, arthritis, tenosynovitis, myositis, abscess of the kidney, endocarditis, pericarditis, and neuritis. No distinction in the character or frequency of the lesions could be determined between the streptococci derived from poliomyelitic patients and from other sources. Streptococci isolated from the poliomyelitic brain and spinal cord of monkeys which succumbed to inoculation with the filtered virus failed to induce in monkeys any paralysis or the characteristic histological changes of poliomyelitis. These streptococci are regarded as secondary bacterial invaders of the nervous organs. Monkeys which have recovered from infection with streptococci derived from cases of poliomyelitis are not protected from infection with the filtered virus, and their blood does not neutralize the filtered virus in vitro. We have failed to detect any etiologic or pathologic relationship between streptococci and epidemic poliomyelitis in man or true experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey.

scholarly journals Vaccination with Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis PknD Attenuates Bacterial Dissemination to the Brain in Guinea Pigs

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. e66310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciaran Skerry ◽  
Supriya Pokkali ◽  
Michael Pinn ◽  
Nicholas A. Be ◽  
Jamie Harper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Bacterial Dissemination ◽  
The Brain

Differential diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in young

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-86
Author(s):  
O. A. Kicherova ◽  
◽  
L. I. Reikhert ◽  
O. N. Bovt ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Intracerebral Hematoma ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
Secondary All ◽  
Visualization Techniques ◽  
The Brain

In recent years, cerebral vascular diseases have been increasingly detected in young patients. It is due not only to better physicians’ knowledge about this pathology, but also to the improvement of its diagnosis methods. Modern neuroimaging techniques allow us to clarify the nature of hemorrhage, to determine the volume and location of intracerebral hematoma, and to establish the degree of concomitant edema and dislocation of the brain. However, despite the high accuracy of the research, it is not always possible to establish the cause that led to a brain accident, which greatly affects the tactics of management and outcomes in this category of patients. A special feature of the structure of cerebrovascular diseases of young people is the high proportion of hemorrhagic stroke, the causes of which are most often arterio-venous malformations. Meanwhile, there are a number of other causes that can lead to hemorrhage into the brain substance. These include disorders of blood clotting, and various vasculitis, and exposure to toxic substances and drugs, and tumor formations (primary and secondary). All these pathological factors outline the range of diagnostic search in young patients who underwent hemorrhagic stroke. Diagnosis of these pathological conditions with the help of modern visualization techniques is considered to be easy, but this is not always the case. In this article, the authors give their own clinical observation of a hemorrhagic stroke in a young patient, which demonstrates the complexity of the diagnostic search in patients with this pathology.

Meetings of medical societies. Society of Physicians at Kazan University

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-479
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Artificial Damage ◽  
Medical Societies ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
The Brain

Meeting of February 24Prof. M. N. Cheboksarov: Adrenal lipase, its relation to poisons and clinical significance. The report was printed in issue 3 of "K.M. Journal". In the debate Prof. P.P. Vasiliev pointed out that microscopic examination of the adrenal glands of dead B., mentioned by the reporter, revealed the existence of changes both in the cortical and in the brain substance of them. Proff. С. С. Zimnitskii and P. N. Nikolaev, noting the practical importance and interest of the reporter's work, pointed out that it would be especially interesting to trace the content of adrenal lipase in such diseases as typhoid and typhoid, as well as in animals with artificial damage to their adrenal glands.

Two Cases of Atheroma of the Blood Vessels at the Base of the Brain, with Remarks upon the Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Pathological Condition in that Affection

1870 ◽  
Vol 16 (73) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
J. T. Sabben
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
The Brain

In publishing the following cases, recently under my charge, of mental derangement dependent upon atheromatous deposit in the coats of the larger cerebral arteries, without any apparent disease of the brain substance, I desire, if possible, to define the symptoms of that condition during life, so as to enable them to be distinguished from those of general paralysis, with which I believe them often to be confused.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document