scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS HORSE SERUM FRACTIONS IN PRODUCING CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL LESIONS IN RABBITS

1949 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Wissler ◽  
Katharine Smull ◽  
James B. Lesh
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Serum Fractions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Circulating Antigen ◽  
Acute Necrotizing ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity

Five groups of 10 rabbits each were injected intravenously 2 times at 15 day intervals with either whole horse serum or one of its cold alcohol-precipitated fractions. Suitable serological and general observations were made at appropriate intervals before and after each injection. All animals were sacrificed on the 22nd day of the experiment. A study of the antemortem and pathological findings led to the following conclusions. 1. Allergie arteritis, valvulitis, and to a lesser degree, focal pericarditis, Aschoff-like nodules, and glomerulitis can be produced by several of the cold alcohol-precipitated fractions of horse serum as well as by whole serum. 2. Most of the acute arteritis was seen in rabbits receiving fraction V (albumin). These rabbits showed the largest amounts of circulating antigen, low antibody titers, low tissue sensitivity, and slight elevation in sedimentation rate and temperature. 3. There was a high incidence of chronic arteritis in the rabbits receiving fraction III which is almost devoid of albumin, suggesting that the alpha and beta globulins in addition to albumin may produce arteritis. 4. A state most nearly resembling that of acute rheumatic fever was produced by either fractions III or IV-3,4 (alpha and beta globulins). Pancarditis (pericarditis, Aschoff-like lesions, and valvulitis) was found relatively frequently. Many of the rabbits developed a high sedimentation rate, elevated temperature, and high tissue sensitivity, but little acute arteritis was found in this group. 5. Gamma globulin (fraction II) produced little reaction either in the antemortem determinations or histopathologically. 6. Glomerulitis of an acute necrotizing type was seen in a few rabbits without particular correlation to the fraction injected. 7. The frequency of involvement of heart valves in rabbit serum disease follows a pattern very similar to that of rheumatic heart disesae. 8. Attempts to correlate antemortem observations and pathological findings either on a group basis or for individual animals failed.

scholarly journals THE RELATION OF ANTIBODY TO THE RATE OF DISAPPEARANCE OF CIRCULATING ANTIGEN

1923 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Mackenzie ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Average Duration ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Circulating Antigen ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Normal Controls ◽  
Circulating Antibody

1. In rabbits previously immunized to horse serum the rate of disappearance of horse serum after reinjection is somewhat more rapid than in control animals not previously immunized. But when the average duration of the persistence of antigen in ten previously immunized rabbits is compared with the average duration of persistence in ten normal controls, the difference is not impressive. This holds true for animals previously immunized by repeated injections but having no free circulating antibody, as well as for animals having a high titer of antibody at the time of reinjection. The same animal may dispose of circulating antigen as rapidly at a time when the blood contains no precipitin as when there is a high titer of circulating precipitin. 2. The intravenous injection of large amounts of potent antihorse rabbit serum immediately after an injection of horse serum does not materially accelerate the rate of disappearance of the horse serum from the circulation. While the number of days that circulating antigen was demonstrable in two experiments of this type was less than the average of controls the duration of persistence was within the limits of variation of normal controls. 3. Under the condition of the experiments intravascular union of antigen and antibody is an unimportant factor in the mechanism for disposal of antigen. By exclusion it therefore seems probable that the rate of disappearance of antigen is largely dependent upon cell avidity for the antigen. 4. Rabbits show a wide range of individual variation in the rapidity with which foreign serum is appropriated by the tissue cells, and in their ability to form precipitins. There does not appear to be any close relation between the amount of precipitin set free in the circulation and the rate of disappearance of precipitinogen. 5. The type of interrelation between precipitin and precipitinogen—demonstrable not infrequently in patients with serum disease—in which the precipitinogen diminishes rapidly when the precipitin rises to the crest of its curve is sometimes reproduced in rabbits. The type of curve which has been observed in patients with little or no serum disease in which the precipitinogen persists steadily in the circulation for many weeks and little or no antibody is formed, has not been observed in the present series of rabbits.

scholarly journals ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF ANTIVIRAL SERA

1947 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Koprowski ◽  
Gilbert Richmond ◽  
Dan H. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Electrophoretic Study ◽  
Neutralizing Activity ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Serum Fractions ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Consistent Change ◽  
Γ Globulins

1. Sera of animals immunized against Japanese B encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and Western equine encephalomyelitis viruses were fractionated by electrophoresis. 2. Electrophoretic patterns of rabbit sera before and after immunization against Japanese B virus showed no consistent change traceable to antibody formation. 3. To determine the antibody content, the electrophoretic fractions of the respective sera were mixed in varying dilutions with infected mouse brain suspensions, and the neutralizing titers of the fractions were compared. 4. In all instances serum fractions containing γ-globulin were protective, whereas in no case did serum albumin show any virus-neutralizing activity. The Japanese B encephalitis antibody appeared to be associated entirely with the γ-globulin. The Venezuelan and Western equine encephalomyelitis antibodies were associated with the ß- and γ-globulins and probably possessed an average electrophoretic mobility between that of ß- and γ-globulins. 5. Normal rabbit serum similarly separated electrophoretically showed no neutralizing properties. 6. Chickens, whose electrophoretic serum pattern is markedly different from that of rabbits, were also immunized against the Japanese B encephalitis virus. Their antisera were electrophoretically fractionated and similarly subjected to neutralization tests. The specific neutralizing capacity of chicken serum was considerably lower than that of rabbit serum and no neutralizing activity was found in the fractions containing the faster moving components. The antibody appeared to be associated with component 4 which had a mobility of approximately 2.3 x 10–5 cm.2/volt/sec.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SALICYLATES ON THE PRECIPITATION OF ANTIGEN WITH ANTIBODY

1943 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin F. Coburn ◽  
Eleanor M. Kapp
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Sodium Salicylate ◽  
Sodium Tungstate ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Immune Precipitation ◽  
Lyotropic Series

1. Sodium salicylate modifies the precipitation of normal rabbit serum protein by sodium tungstate, and partially inhibits the precipitation of horse serum euglobulin by rabbit antiserum. Sodium salicylate added to a system containing crystalline egg albumin and its antibody partly prevents the formation of precipitate, the degree of inhibition being related to the concentration of salicylate. 2. Precipitation in the equivalence zone is more readily prevented by salicylate than precipitation in the region of antibody excess, the immune system becoming progressively less sensitive to the action of salicylate as the excess of antibody becomes larger. 3. Formed precipitates were partly dissolved following resuspension in the presence of salicylate. 4. The salicylate effect on immune precipitation is reversible, and appears to be due to inactivation of antibody. 5. Salicylate was more effective in preventing specific precipitation than other anions of a lyotropic series tested.

scholarly journals Comparison of Heart Valve Circumference Examined Before and After 10% Formalin Fixation

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 478-484
Author(s):  
Watcharit Anantakal ◽  
◽  
Somboon Thamtakerngkit ◽  
Vijarn Vachirawongsakorn ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitral Valve ◽  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Heart Valve ◽  
Tricuspid Valve ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Formalin Fixation ◽  
Pulmonic Valve ◽  
Fresh State ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Objective: To compare the heart valve circumference before and after 10% formalin fixation. Materials and Methods: The study analyzed 63 Thai human cadaveric hearts. Each heart valve circumference was separately measured in the fresh state by specifically designed equipment. After that, the hearts were fixed in 10% formalin for 3 days. Then each heart valve circumference was measured by the same equipment and by the thread and ruler technique. The results were analyzed using SPSS package to find the association between the heart valve circumference before and after formalin fixation. Results: This study showed that the average circumferences of the heart valve measured in the fresh state were 13.329 cm in the tricuspid valve, 10.617 cm in the mitral valve, 8.416 cm in the pulmonic valve, and 7.122 cm in the aortic valve. The average circumferences of the heart valve measured after 10% formalin fixation were 11.019 cm in the tricuspid valve, 8.714 cm in the mitral valve, 6.751 cm in the pulmonic valve, and 6.089 cm in the aortic valve. The average ratios of the heart valve circumference measured fresh and after 10% formalin fixation were 0.8267 in the tricuspid valve, 0.8235 in the mitral valve, 0.8050 in the pulmonic valve, and 0.8573 in the aortic valve. There were significant differences in the heart valve circumference between the fresh state and after formalin fixation (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study revealed important information on the dimensional changes of all the formalin-fixed heart valves. We found that the heart valve shrank after formalin fixation, with the formalin-fixed hearts an estimated 0.8 times smaller than the fresh cadaveric hearts.

Serum C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate changes in children after adenotonsillectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 684-691
Author(s):  
Mehrnoosh Mousavi Aghdas ◽  
Nikzad Shahidi ◽  
Shahin Abdollahi Fakhim
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Erythrocyte Sedimentation ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Before And After

Background: Sleep-disordered breathing is a common problem in children and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. The circulating level of C-reactive protein, a pro-inflammatory protein, is associated with increased risk for atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was the comparison of C-reactive protein level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in children with tonsillar hypertrophy before and after adenotonsillectomy. Methods: All patients aged between 4 to 10 years who had underwent adenotonsillectomy due to obstructive sleep apnea were enrolled. Serum C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were measured before and after adenotonsillectomy. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 19. Results: In this study, 384 patients were enrolled. The average age of the patients was 6.7 years. The C-reactive protein level in 91 patients (23.7 %) was decreased and in 286 patients (74.5%) did not change and in 7 patients (1.8%) it was increased. Decreasing serum C-reactive protein level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was statistically significant after adenotonsillectomy (P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: Obstructive sleep apnea induces a systemic inflammatory response so frequently associated with an increase in serum C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate that is reversible with surgery and if left untreated may lead to cardiovascular morbidity.

scholarly journals Esterases in Serum-Containing Growth Media Counteract Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Activity In Vitro

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Sohaskey ◽  
Alan G. Barbour
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Chloramphenicol Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cell Extracts

ABSTRACT The spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi was unexpectedly found to be as susceptible to diacetyl chloramphenicol, the product of the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, as it was to chloramphenicol itself. The susceptibilities of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, as well as that ofB. burgdorferi, to diacetyl chloramphenicol were then assayed in different media. All three species were susceptible to diacetyl chloramphenicol when growth media were supplemented with rabbit serum or, to a lesser extent, human serum. Susceptibility ofE. coli and B. subtilis to diacetyl chloramphenicol was not observed in the absence of serum, when horse serum was used, or when the rabbit or human serum was heated first. In the presence of 10% rabbit serum, a strain of E. colibearing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene had a fourfold-lower resistance to chloramphenicol than in the absence of serum. A plate bioassay for chloramphenicol activity showed the conversion by rabbit, mouse, and human sera but not bacterial cell extracts or heated serum of diacetyl chloramphenicol to an inhibitory compound. Deacetylation of acetyl chloramphenicol by serum components was demonstrated by using fluorescent substrates and thin-layer chromatography. These studies indicate that esterases of serum can convert diacetyl chloramphenicol back to an active antibiotic, and thus, in vitro findings may not accurately reflect the level of chloramphenicol resistance by cat-bearing bacteria in vivo.

scholarly journals A systematic evaluation on reporting quality of modern studies on pulmonary heart valve implantation in large animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-445
Author(s):  
Marcelle Uiterwijk ◽  
Annemijn Vis ◽  
Iris de Brouwer ◽  
Debora van Urk ◽  
Jolanda Kluin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Valve ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Reporting Quality ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Large Animal Model ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Large Animals

Abstract OBJECTIVES Before new heart valves can be implanted safely in humans, animal experiments have to be performed. These animal experiments have to be clearly designed, analysed and reported to assess the accuracy and importance of the findings. We aimed to provide an overview of the reporting and methodological quality of preclinical heart valve research. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search on biological and mechanical pulmonary valve implantations in large animals. We used the Animals in Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines to score the quality of reporting in each article. We compared the scores before and after the introduction of the ARRIVE guidelines (2010). RESULTS We screened 348 articles, of which 31 articles were included. The included articles reported a mean of 54.7% adequately scored ARRIVE items (95% confidence interval 52.2–57.3%). We did not identify a difference in reporting quality (54.7% vs 54.8%) between articles published before and after 2010. We found an unclear (lack of description) risk of selection bias, performance bias and detection bias. CONCLUSIONS The reporting quality of studies that implanted bioprosthetic or mechanical valves in the pulmonary position in the large animal model is not on the desired level. The introduction of the ARRIVE guidelines in 2010 did not improve the reporting quality in this field of research. Hereby, we want to emphasize the importance of clearly describing the methods and transparently reporting the results in animal experiments. This is of great importance for the safe translation of new heart valves to the clinic. Clinical trial registration number PROSPERO (CRD42019147895).

Factors from paraventricular nucleus mediating adrenocorticotropin release in cats

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (1) ◽  
pp. R109-R121
Author(s):  
D. E. Carlson ◽  
D. S. Gann
Keyword(s):  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Immunocytochemical Localization ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Alpha Chloralose ◽  
Crf Neurons ◽  
Caudal Area ◽  
Stimulation Of

Experiments were conducted in alpha-chloralose-urethan-anesthetized cats. We stimulated the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) electrically before and after intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of an antiserum to arginine vasopressin (AVP), one to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), or one to normal rabbit serum (NRS). Stimulation of the ventral portion of the dorsal PVH led to increases in arterial pressure and heart rate that did not change after any of the icv treatments. However, the effect of each agent on the increases in plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) after stimulation was related to the area of the PVH that was stimulated. The response to stimulation of a rostral area that extended dorsally from the anterior PVH was blocked completely by the anti-AVP but not by anti-CRF or NRS. The response to stimulation of a caudal area located in the dorsal PVH was attenuated after anti-CRF, unchanged after anti-AVP, and augmented after NRS. The antibodies that were given icv were found immunocytochemically to enter the median eminence at sites that include some adjacent to the portal vessels. Immunocytochemical localization of AVP- and of CRF-containing neurons in the PVH showed that the anterior PVH had the highest proportion of AVP neurons in the PVH but had only a few CRF neurons. In contrast, the dorsal PVH contained the highest density of CRF neurons in the PVH as well as some AVP neurons. We suggest that, in the cat, the primary releasing factor for the anterior PVH is AVP and that for the dorsal PVH is CRF.

scholarly journals THE MECHANISM OF ANAPHYLATOXIN FORMATION

1914 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Jobling ◽  
William Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Cobra Venom ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Partial Removal ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Pig Serum

1. The unsaturated lipoids (serum antitrypsin) can be adsorbed from guinea pig serum, rabbit serum, and horse serum by kaolin, starch, agar, and bacteria. 2. Diphtheria toxin and cobra venom also reduce the serum antitrypsin, possibly because of their affinity for lipoids. 3. Anaphylatoxins represent sera rendered toxic by partial removal of serum antitrypsin. 4. The matrix of the protein split products lies in the serum proteins so exposed. 5. The amount of removal of serum antitrypsin depends on definite quantitative relations; very large amounts and very small amounts of adsorbing substances are least effective (kaolin, starch, and bacteria). 6. Bacteria previously treated with serum or with oils do not adsorb serum antitrypsin. 7. Bacteria treated with serum become more resistant to the action of trypsin.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON PHOTO-OXIDATION OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODIES

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Smetana ◽  
David Shemin
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Type I ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Photo Oxidation ◽  
Precipitin Reaction ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Chemical Studies

1. Quantitative precipitin studies indicate that progressive photo-oxidation progressively destroys the antigenic function of egg albumin. 2. Quantitative precipitin reactions of antisera (anti-egg albumin rabbit serum and antipneumococcus Type I horse serum) demonstrate that progressive photo-oxidation causes progressive lowering of the potency of the sera. 3. Quantitative precipitin reactions of the photo-oxidized globulin gamma fraction of anti-egg albumin rabbit serum and of Felton solution of antipneumococcus Type I horse serum show that these specific antibody fractions behave similarly to antibodies in whole sera. 4. Egg albumin whose precipitin reaction is destroyed by photo-oxidation no longer causes anaphylaxis in guinea pigs and does not produce precipitins in rabbits. 5. Chemical studies of progressively photo-oxidized egg albumin show a progressive destruction of tryptophane and histidine while tyrosine remains intact and cystine is reversibly oxidized. Sulfhydryl groups can no longer be demonstrated in photo-oxidized egg albumin whose antigenic characteristics are greatly weakened. 6. Similar studies on the globulin gamma fraction of anti-egg albumin rabbit serum and on Felton solution show no diminution of these amino acids in photo-oxidized material whose antigenic properties are destroyed. 7. The non-coagulable nitrogen and the amino nitrogen of egg albumin, antisera, and their specific antibody fractions show but an insignificant increase during photo-oxidation, indicating that the loss of the precipitin reaction is not due to splitting of the respective protein molecules. 8. Electrophoretic studies of egg albumin, antisera, and their specific antibody fractions show that photo-oxidation causes a marked alteration of the pattern of these substrates. 9. Photo-oxidation of proteins causes the formation of aggregates, indicating denaturation. 10. Hematoporphyrin migrates with the albumin fraction of unaltered as well as the photo-oxidized anti-egg albumin rabbit serum and pneumococcus Type I horse serum; in isolated proteins such as egg albumin, globulin gamma, or Felton solution, etc., the dye moves independently of the protein; after progressive photo-oxidation Hp becomes progressively fixed to the protein. Eosin behaves similarly to hematoporphyrin.

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