cobra venom
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Author(s):  
Pradip S. Mohurle ◽  
Rajendra Lambat

Background: Visha (Poison) is a substance, which after entering the body, disturbs natural and physiological functions of body (i.e. Dosha, Dhatu, Mala). Due to its potency, it may potentially cause death in a relatively short period. A significant proportion of Indians live in villages distant from the city and work in agriculture with their lower extremities exposed. Snake-rat habitat is more prevalent in rice and sugarcane fields. Aims and Objective: To study the efficacy of Sanjeevani Vati in common cobra venom poisoning and Russell’s viper venom as a first aid measure. Materials and Methods: The preparation of Sanjeevani Vatiis carried out in Department of Rasashastra, Govt. Ayurved College, Nagpur and venom was collected from snake farm’, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Mumbai. Animal Experiment for efficacy of Sanjeevani Vati as a first aid measure on Common cobra venom and Russell’s viper venom was carried out in National Toxicology Center (NTC) Pune. Results: The results of survival period in Russell’s viper venom group were proved to be statistically significant. P value is 0.0055(Unpaired t-test; Two tail).But in results of Common Cobra venom, it was observed that there is no delay in appearance of paralysis, convulsion & survival period. In fact all these symptoms appear near about at same time, when Sanjeevani Vati was given orally after ingestion of Cobra Venom. Conclusion: Sanjeevani Vati property is an ophidian. If you have Russell's viper venom, it is helpful as a first aid measure since it extends its life time. Poly Valent Anti snake venom serum does not interact with it (PVASVS).


Author(s):  
Carl-Wilhelm Vogel ◽  
Brian E. Hew ◽  
David C. Fritzinger

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignazio Avella ◽  
Edgar Barajas-Ledesma ◽  
Nicholas R. Casewell ◽  
Robert A. Harrison ◽  
Paul D. Rowley ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Venom spitting is a defence mechanism based on airborne venom delivery used by a number of different African and Asian elapid snake species (‘spitting cobras’; Naja spp. and Hemachatus spp.). Adaptations underpinning venom spitting have been studied extensively at both behavioural and morphological level in cobras, but the role of the physical properties of venom itself in its effective projection remains largely unstudied. We hereby provide the first comparative study of the physical properties of venom in spitting and non-spitting cobras. We measured the viscosity, protein concentration and pH of the venom of 13 cobra species of the genus Naja from Africa and Asia, alongside the spitting elapid Hemachatus haemachatus and the non-spitting viper Bitis arietans. By using published microCT scans, we calculated the pressure required to eject venom through the fangs of a spitting and a non-spitting cobra. Despite the differences in the modes of venom delivery, we found no significant differences between spitters and non-spitters in the rheological and physical properties of the studied venoms. Furthermore, all analysed venoms showed a Newtonian flow behaviour, in contrast to previous reports. Although our results imply that the evolution of venom spitting did not significantly affect venom viscosity, our models of fang pressure suggests that the pressure requirements to eject venom are lower in spitting cobras than in non-spitting cobras.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muralidharan Vanuopadath ◽  
Dileepkumar Raveendran ◽  
Bipin Gopalakrishnan Nair ◽  
Sudarslal Sadasivan Nair

AbstractVenom proteome profiling is important to understand the toxicology and treatment of persons poisoned by animal venoms. An in depth understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms induced by venom toxins could help in the discovery of novel drug molecules. In the current study, we aimed to delineate the venom toxins of Indian cobra (Naja naja) from the Western Ghats of India through SDS-PAGE and reversed-phase HPLC followed by Q-TOF LC-MS/MS analysis, incorporating PEAKS and Novor assisted de novo sequencing methodologies. A total of 143 proteins distributed across 17 different enzymatic and non-enzymatic venom protein families were identified. The de novo analysis exclusively yielded 59 peptides representing 28 venom protein families. Among these, glutathione peroxidase and endonuclease were reported for the first time in Indian cobra venom. Immunological cross-reactivity of cobra venom assessed using Indian polyvalent antivenoms suggested that VINS showed better EC50 (2.48 µg/mL) values than that of PSAV (6.04 µg/mL) and Virchow (6.03 µg/mL) antivenoms. Also, immunoaffinity chromatography performed using VINS antivenom indicated that it failed to detect few low molecular mass proteins (<10 kDa) that include three-finger toxins, phospholipase A2s and kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors. Taken together, the present study enabled a large-scale characterization of the venom proteome of Naja naja that offers valuable insights on the possible pharmacological mechanisms and future therapeutic potential of hitherto unexplored snake venom constituents.SignificanceThe present work describes the venom proteome characterization of Naja naja collected from the Western Ghats region in India, incorporating conventional proteomics approaches as well as de novo sequencing methods. Interestingly, we were able to determine proteins belong to glutathione peroxidase and endonuclease family, which was not reported in any of the previous studies on Naja naja venom. Notably, our study has reported the highest number of proteins from cobra venom so far. Also, the current study highlights the importance of developing region-specific antivenoms for improving the specificity and cross-neutralization potential of antivenoms.HighlightsProteomics of cobra venom resulted in the identification of 143 proteins.De novo approaches exclusively yielded 59 peptides representing 28 proteins.Glutathione peroxidase and endonuclease were identified for the first time in Indian cobra venom.Indian polyvalent antivenoms showed varying cross-reactivity towards cobra venom.VINS antivenom failed to detect few low molecular mass proteins (< 10 kDa).


2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Antony Gomes ◽  
Kalyani Saha ◽  
Sourav Ghosh ◽  
Aparna Gomes ◽  
SubirChandra Dasgupta

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
M. H. Danielyan ◽  
K. V. Кarapetyan ◽  
K. A. Nebogova ◽  
O. H. Nazaryan ◽  
V. P. Khachatryan

Toxin Reviews ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
K. N. Neema ◽  
Vivek Hamse Kameshwar ◽  
Zohara Nafeesa ◽  
Divya Kumar ◽  
Priya Babu Shubha ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (11) ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
M. M. Mamajanov ◽  

In the presence of cobra venom, the rate of NAD.H oxidation along the internal pathway of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is suppressed, and the rate of NAD.H oxidation along the external pathway increases. These changes occur against the background of cytochrome c deserption from the inner mitochondrial membrane and a significant increase in the process of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. These facts indicate that when animals are poisoned with cobra venom, profound disturbances are observed in the system of oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain. The introduction of flavosan into the body of animals poisoned with cobra venom leads to an increase in the rate of NAD.H oxidation along the internal pathway of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and suppression of the rate of NAD.H oxidation through the external pathway.


Toxicon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 175-181
Author(s):  
Reza Farzad ◽  
Alireza Gholami ◽  
Nasim Hayati Roodbari ◽  
Delavar Shahbazzadeh
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