scholarly journals Heterogeneity in dog red blood cells: sodium and potassium transport.

1979 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Castranova ◽  
J F Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Volume Dependence ◽  
Single Cell Type ◽  
Cell Volumes ◽  
K Permeability ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

After incubation in isotonic KCl, dog red blood cells can be separated by centrifugation into subgroups which assume different cell volumes and possess different transport characteristics. Those red cells which swell in isotonic KCl exhibit a higher permeability to K and possess a greater volume dependence for transport of K than those red cells which shrink. A high Na permeability characterizes cells which shrink in isotonic KCl and these cells exhibit a larger volume-dependent Na flux than those red cells which swell. These two subgroups of red cells do not seem to represent two cell populations of different age. The results indicate that the population of normal cells is evidently heterogeneous in that the volume-dependent changes in Na and K permeability are distributed between differnt cell types rather than representing a single cell type which reciprocally changes its selectivity to Na and K.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity among dog red blood cells.

1981 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
J C Parker
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Continuous Functions ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Separation Technique ◽  
Density Separation ◽  
Volume Dependence ◽  
Dog Blood ◽  
Discrete Populations

A phthalate density-separation technique has been used to study the heterogeneity of dog red blood cells that becomes manifest when they are suspended in KCl media. It is demonstrated that the proportions of cells that separate into light and dense fractions can be varied by altering the tonicity of the KCl medium. This results from the fact that the Na and K permeabilities of each cell are continuous functions of cell volume. It was found that quinidine inhibits selectively the volume dependence of Na permeability. In the presence of this drug, the heterogeneity demonstrated by KCl incubation disappears. The notion that dog red blood cells are heterogeneous in their permeabilities to Na and K is thus upheld, but the heterogeneity is not an abruptly discontinuous one, as has been claimed. A sample of dog blood does not contain two discrete populations of red cells.

scholarly journals Selective increase of potassium permeability in red blood cells exposed to acetylphenylhydrazine

Blood ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1013-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
EP Orringer ◽  
JC Parker
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Membrane Perturbation ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Selective Increase ◽  
K Permeability ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Abstract Normal human red blood cells, when exposed briefly to acetylphenylhydrazine (APH), acquire Heinz bodies and a propensity for net ion and water loss upon subsequent incubation in an APH-free medium of physiologic sodium and potassium (K) content. The cells can be protected from APH damage by previous deoxygenation. The ion and water loss depend on the presence of a K gradient from cell to medium. In contradistinction to some other types of membrane perturbation in which K permeability is increased, the APH effect is not dependent on calcium. The meaning of these observations is discussed in relation to the vulnerability of the K permeability barrier.

scholarly journals Selective increase of potassium permeability in red blood cells exposed to acetylphenylhydrazine

Blood ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1013-1021
Author(s):  
EP Orringer ◽  
JC Parker
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Permeability Barrier ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Membrane Perturbation ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Selective Increase ◽  
K Permeability ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Normal human red blood cells, when exposed briefly to acetylphenylhydrazine (APH), acquire Heinz bodies and a propensity for net ion and water loss upon subsequent incubation in an APH-free medium of physiologic sodium and potassium (K) content. The cells can be protected from APH damage by previous deoxygenation. The ion and water loss depend on the presence of a K gradient from cell to medium. In contradistinction to some other types of membrane perturbation in which K permeability is increased, the APH effect is not dependent on calcium. The meaning of these observations is discussed in relation to the vulnerability of the K permeability barrier.

scholarly journals What makes our lungs look red?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Huang ◽  
Cindia Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Dense Networks ◽  
Different Cell Types

What makes our lungs look red? This seems to be a naive and trivial question. Indeed, all the textbooks tell us that what makes our body red is the presence of blood, or more precisely the red blood cells (RBC). Here we provide some experimental evidence as well arguments to prove that this belief is wrong, or only partially true. In fact, we identified an important population of red cells located outside of the blood vessels as highly compacted clusters, in the connection tissues of the lungs of several species of animals including rats and human beings. These red cells possessed each a nucleus, expressing several biomarkers of different cell types such as PF4, vWF, SCF-1R, CD200R, TGF-b, etc. Interestingly, being morphologically heterogeneous, they react collectively to certain stimuli. For example, they aggregated on collagen fibers forming clusters of cells resembling that observed in vivo. The red cells may have some features of Hematopoietic Stem Cells since they were capable of differentiating into other cell types such as alveolar macrophages. In nasal polyps, these cells formed vessel-like structures, confined within a CD31-positive tube. Upon exposure to toxic chemicals, they formed dense networks, suggesting a possible role in coagulation. Furthermore, the number of these red cells was greatly increased in the lungs of deceased donors, especially in the lungs of CF patients. Instead of being secreted as what happens in normal red cells, vWF proteins were tethered on the cytoplasmic membrane of the red cells isolated from the lungs of CF donors, which may explain at least partially the fibrotic nature of the CF lungs. Taken together, we conclude that what makes the lungs look red is not the red blood cells, rather a distinct population of red cells, we call them Red Soma Cells (RSC). We believe that the discovery and characterization of this important population of cells will have profound theoretical as well as therapeutic implications.

Sickle cell vaso-occlusion: The dialectic between red cells and white cells

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110053
Author(s):  
Nicola Conran ◽  
Stephen H Embury
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Red Cells

The pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia, a hereditary hemoglobinopathy, has fascinated clinicians and scientists alike since its description over 100 years ago. A single gene mutation in the HBB gene results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) S, whose polymerization when deoxygenated alters the physiochemical properties of red blood cells, in turn triggering pan-cellular activation and pathological mechanisms that include hemolysis, vaso-occlusion, and ischemia-reperfusion to result in the varied and severe complications of the disease. Now widely regarded as an inflammatory disease, in recent years attention has included the role of leukocytes in vaso-occlusive processes in view of the part that these cells play in innate immune processes, their inherent ability to adhere to the endothelium when activated, and their sheer physical and potentially obstructive size. Here, we consider the role of sickle red blood cell populations in elucidating the importance of adhesion vis-a-vis polymerization in vaso-occlusion, review the direct adhesion of sickle red cells to the endothelium in vaso-occlusive processes, and discuss how red cell- and leukocyte-centered mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. Given the initial clinical success of crizanlizumab, a specific anti-P selectin therapy, we suggest that it is appropriate to take a holistic approach to understanding and exploring the complexity of vaso-occlusive mechanisms and the adhesive roles of the varied cell types, including endothelial cells, platelets, leukocytes, and red blood cells.

scholarly journals The Modern Primitives: Applying New Technological Approaches to Explore the Biology of the Earliest Red Blood Cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart T. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Recent Application ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
Mammalian Embryogenesis ◽  
Reporter Systems ◽  
Similarities And Differences

One of the most critical stages in mammalian embryogenesis is the independent production of the embryo's own circulating, functional red blood cells. Correspondingly, erythrocytes are the first cell type to become functionally mature during embryogenesis. Failure to achieve this invariably leads to in utero lethality. The recent application of technologies such as transcriptome analysis, flow cytometry, mutant embryo analysis, and transgenic fluorescent gene expression reporter systems has shed new light on the distinct erythroid lineages that arise early in development. Here, I will describe the similarities and differences between the distinct erythroid populations that must form for the embryo to survive. While much of the focus of this review will be the poorly understood primitive erythroid lineage, a discussion of other erythroid and hematopoietic lineages, as well as the cell types making up the different niches that give rise to these lineages, is essential for presenting an appropriate developmental context of these cells.

2. What is blood?

2016 ◽  
pp. 17-39
Author(s):  
Chris Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Different Cell Types

‘What is blood?’ describes the constituent parts of blood: a fluid called plasma in which three different cell types are carried—red cells, white cells, and platelets. Red cells are dominated by the red protein haemoglobin that plays the key role in transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissue. A lack of red blood cells is called anaemia. A lack of iron is the main cause, iron being required to make a functional haemoglobin protein. White cells, or leucocytes, perform many and varied roles in the body, but all are related to immune defence against pathogens. Platelets have only one function: the prevention of excess bleeding through coagulation.

Ultrastructural observations on the in vitro cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 914-915
Author(s):  
D.J.P. Ferguson ◽  
A.R. Berendt ◽  
J. Tansey ◽  
K. Marsh ◽  
C.I. Newbold
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Amelanotic Melanoma ◽  
Cytoplasmic Process ◽  
Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

In human malaria, the most serious clinical manifestation is cerebral malaria (CM) due to infection with Plasmodium falciparum. The pathology of CM is thought to relate to the fact that red blood cells containing mature forms of the parasite (PRBC) cytoadhere or sequester to post capillary venules of various tissues including the brain. This in vivo phenomenon has been studied in vitro by examining the cytoadherence of PRBCs to various cell types and purified proteins. To date, three Ijiost receptor molecules have been identified; CD36, ICAM-1 and thrombospondin. The specific changes in the PRBC membrane which mediate cytoadherence are less well understood, but they include the sub-membranous deposition of electron-dense material resulting in surface deformations called knobs. Knobs were thought to be essential for cytoadherence, lput recent work has shown that certain knob-negative (K-) lines can cytoadhere. In the present study, we have used electron microscopy to re-examine the interactions between K+ PRBCs and both C32 amelanotic melanoma cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC).We confirm previous data demonstrating that C32 cells possess numerous microvilli which adhere to the PRBC, mainly via the knobs (Fig. 1). In contrast, the HUVEC were relatively smooth and the PRBCs appeared partially flattened onto the cell surface (Fig. 2). Furthermore, many of the PRBCs exhibited an invagination of the limiting membrane in the attachment zone, often containing a cytoplasmic process from the endothelial cell (Fig. 2).

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