The Younger Generation: The Labour Party and the 1959 Youth Commission

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Full Employment ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
World War ◽  
Tropical Plants ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Political Apathy ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Welfare State

In 1956, Martha Gellhorn spent an evening exploring the uncharted territory of London's espresso bars. Her impressions were recorded in an article on “the younger generation”: “Full of expectations and ignorance, I made the long sight-seeing trip through the Espresso-bar country of London, stared at the young natives, and came gladly home at last with many pictures in my mind but little understanding …. The youthful Espresso-ites remained hopelessly strangers, in their strange, small, chosen land; I can only report what I have seen.” Gellhorn's account was punctuated by references to the “strangeness” of her experience. The decor of the bars invoked “distant places” with “bull-fight posters, bamboo, tropical plants, an occasional shell or Mexican mask.” As she traveled through this “strange country,” the sight of a tortilla was “terrifying,” the customers' clothing was breathtakingly exotic, and their skin tones suggested amalgams such as “Chinese-Javanese-Siamese” or “Spanish-Arab-Cuban.” At times, Gellhorn heard French and Italian spoken freely among the espresso bars' young patrons.The foreign topography of youth culture described by Gellhorn was not unusual among accounts of young people in the 1950s, yet until recently this period has been characterized principally as a time of social peace and political apathy, “an age of prosperity and achievement” shaped by “consensus” and a return to normality after the disruption and sacrifices of the Second World War. Following an extended period of austerity, the welfare state and the managed economy seemed to have ensured full employment and an unprecedented standard of living, while the election of successive Conservative governments in 1951, 1955, and 1959 has been explained as the political reflection of rising personal prosperity and security.

Eighth Louis Bleriot Lecture: Making Aeroplanes Independent of Runways

1955 ◽  
Vol 59 (534) ◽  
pp. 381-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Hereil
Keyword(s):  
Technical Progress ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
World War ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Second World

As technical progress has improved the airborne performance of aircraft, so the difficulties associated with their take-off and landing have increased.The grass airfields which were still commonplace at the end of the Second World War have now developed into complex arrangements of concrete runways of up to three kilometres (two miles) long, taxiways, dispersal areas, and so on. The main disadvantages of these large airfields, both for military and for civil aviation, soon become obvious: —(i)The enormous expenditure in either case; for military aviation this expenditure has to be approved, but it is at the expense of the production of actual aircraft—like Ugolin who ate his children so that they would not be fatherless;for civil aviation, the high cost of airfield construction has hampered the development of aviation in the remote areas where it would be of particular use in raising the standard of living.(ii)The lack of flexibility of air forces operating from fixed bases, thus reducing their efficiency.(iii)The increase in vulnerability as destructive weapons become more highly perfected.

Reforming the Welfare State: German and European Experiences and Challenges

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-87
Author(s):  
Bernhard Seliger
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Welfare Reform ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Reform Strategies ◽  
European Development ◽  
Western European ◽  
Special Respect ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Welfare State

The rise of the welfare state has been a characteristic feature of Western European development after the second world war, despite quite different economic models in Western European countries. However, dynamic implications of the welfare state made a reform increasingly necessary. Therefore, since the 1980s the reform of the welfare state has been an important topic for Western European states. This paper describes the development of the welfare state and analyzes possible welfare reform strategies with special respect to the case of Germany. It focuses on the interdependence of political and economic aspects of welfare reform on the national as well as international level.

The Re(Public) of Salsa: Afro-Cuban Music in Fin-de-Siècle Dakar

Africa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Shain
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Fin De Siecle ◽  
World War ◽  
New Model ◽  
Music Clubs ◽  
Fin De Siècle ◽  
Cafe Society ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
Second World

This article explores why, despite its diminished popularity, Afro-Cuban music remains among the most performed musics in Senegalese music clubs. Since the Second World War, many Senegalese have associated Afro-Cuban music with cosmopolitanism and modernity. In particular, Senegalese who came of age during the Independence era associate Latin music with a new model of sociability that emphasized ‘correct’ behaviour – elegant attire and self-discipline. Participating in an emerging ‘café society’ was especially important. The rise of m'balax music in the late 1970s, deemed more culturally ‘authentic’ by a younger generation coming into its own, challenged many of the values associated with Senegalese salsa. As an enlarged Senegalese public embraced m'balax, the older generation stopped going out to Dakar's nightclubs where they felt increasingly uncomfortable. However, the model of sociability this generation has championed calls for public displays of distinction and refinement. In fin-de-siècle Dakar, a number of venues emerged where Afro-Cuban music is played and powerful older Dakarois congregate, even if less frequently than formally. This article describes these venues and documents their patrons and the performances that take place there.

From Crime to Cultural Heritage

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Ruotsala
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
World War ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Dialect ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Better Than

This article concentrates on one particular local cross-border activity carried on after the Second World War. This was a type of smuggling called joppaus in the local dialect, a practice which was enabled by the post-war economic recession and the scarcity of goods from which Finland suffered. This form of unauthorised economy is said to have been responsible for the rapid revival of the region and its inhabitants after the destruction inflicted by the war. The standard of living in the Tornio River Valley has been better than in the north of Finland in general, and this has been explained in part by this type of smuggling. Furthermore, in the last few decades joppaus has become part of the local cultural heritage.

scholarly journals Lo stato sociale nel pensiero politico contemporaneo. Il Novecento

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio De Boni
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
World War ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Welfare State

The idea of the welfare state, that is of a state tangibly committed to the economic welfare of the citizens, became progressively established in western thought in the twentieth century. Running counter to the tradition of thought in which politics and economics were two separate and independent spheres, various political cultures pressed for an acknowledgement of social rights and the duty of the state to intervene to protect the weaker brackets of the population. The first of these was social democracy, followed by a liberalism which became increasingly "social" in line with Christian thought, through to the phenomenon of the "totalitarian welfare state", when even absolutist states elaborated policies designed to incorporate the proletariat in the national order. This book is part of a larger work intended to address the issue of the welfare state in contemporary political thought. Following the volume dedicated to the nineteenth century (FUP 2007), this book deals with the period from the turn of the century up to the formulation of one of the most consummate and organic projects of welfare state ever conceived: that elaborated by Beveridge in England during the Second World War. THE THREE VOLUMESI: Lo stato sociale nel pensiero politico contemporaneo L'Ottocento Lo stato sociale nel pensiero politico contemporaneo. Il Novecento Parte prima: Da inizio secolo alla seconda guerra mondiale Lo stato sociale nel pensiero politico contemporaneo. Il Novecento Parte seconda: dal dopoguerra a oggi

Shintō

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Varley
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Ancestor Worship ◽  
The People ◽  
Cultural Borrowing ◽  
Great Tradition ◽  
Second World ◽  
Japanese Islands

Shintō means the ‘way of the kami (gods)’ and is a term that was evolved about the late sixth or early seventh centuries – as Japan entered an extended period of cultural borrowing from China and Korea – to distinguish the amalgam of native religious beliefs from Buddhism, a continental import. Shintō embraces the most ancient and basic social and religious values of Japan. It is exclusively Japanese, showing no impulse to spread beyond Japan. The exportation of Shintō would in any case be exceedingly difficult since its mythology is so closely bound to the creation of Japan and the Japanese people, and since many of its deities are believed to make their homes in the mountains, rivers, trees, rocks and other natural features of the Japanese islands. Shintō comprises both great and little traditions. The great tradition, established in the mythology that was incorporated into Japan’s two oldest extant writings, Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters) and Nihon Shoki (Chronicle of Japan), both dating from the early eighth century, is centred on the imperial institution. According to the mythology the emperorship was ordained by the sun goddess, Amaterasu, who sent her grandson from heaven to earth (Japan) to found a dynasty ‘to rule eternally’. The present emperor is the 125th in a line of sovereigns officially regarded, until Japan’s defeat in the Second World War, as descended directly from Amaterasu. Shintō’s little tradition is a mixture of polytheistic beliefs about kami, manifested in nature worship (animism), ancestor worship, agricultural cults, fertility rites, shamanism and more. Lacking a true scriptural basis, Shintō derives from the faith of the people, and from earliest times has had its roots firmly planted in particularistic, localistic practices. Thus it has always been strongest in its association with such entities as families, villages and locales (for example, mountains thought to be the homes of certain kami or, indeed, to be the kami themselves).

Ján Kadár

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hames
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
New Wave ◽  
World War ◽  
Main Street ◽  
Prague Spring ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
International Awareness ◽  
Second World

When The Shop on Main Street (Obchod na korze, 1965) won the Best Foreign Film Oscar in 1966, it marked the first ever for Czechoslovakia and the decisive breakthrough in international awareness of the Czechoslovak New Wave. Yet its co-directors, Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos, were not part of the younger generation that emerged from the Prague Film School in the 1960s. Klos had begun his career before the Second World War and Kadár made his debut in 1945. After the success of The Shop on Main Street, they completed only one more film before the Soviet suppression of the Prague Spring brought an end to their partnership. In 1968-69, they shot Touha zvaná Anada (Adriftaka Desire is Called Anada), released in 1971, the only Czechoslovak-US co-production to be shot in the “socialist” era. ...

The scientific claims of British child guidance, 1918–45

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN STEWART
Keyword(s):  
Mental Hygiene ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Child Guidance ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
Cultural Status ◽  
Psychological Difficulties ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Welfare State

AbstractThis article examines the British child guidance movement's claim to scientific status and what it sought to gain by the wider acceptance of such a claim. The period covered is from the movement's origins in the 1920s to the end of the Second World War, by which point it had been incorporated into the welfare state. This was also an era when science commanded high intellectual and cultural status. Child guidance was a form of psychiatric medicine that addressed the emotional and psychological difficulties that any child might experience. It thus saw itself as a form of preventive medicine and as a component of the international movement for mental hygiene. Child guidance was organized around the clinic and employed the knowledge and skills of three distinct professions: psychiatrists, psychologists and psychiatric social workers. Its claim to scientific status was underpinned by the movement's clinical and organizational approach and in turn derived from developments in the laboratory sciences and in academic medicine. There were, however, those even within the movement itself who challenged child guidance's purported scientific status. Such objections notwithstanding, it is suggested here that at least in its own terms the claim was justified, particularly because of the type of psychiatric approach which child guidance employed, based as it was on a form of medical holism.

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