From Crime to Cultural Heritage

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Ruotsala
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
World War ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Dialect ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Better Than

This article concentrates on one particular local cross-border activity carried on after the Second World War. This was a type of smuggling called joppaus in the local dialect, a practice which was enabled by the post-war economic recession and the scarcity of goods from which Finland suffered. This form of unauthorised economy is said to have been responsible for the rapid revival of the region and its inhabitants after the destruction inflicted by the war. The standard of living in the Tornio River Valley has been better than in the north of Finland in general, and this has been explained in part by this type of smuggling. Furthermore, in the last few decades joppaus has become part of the local cultural heritage.

scholarly journals The Women’s Question among the Masons of Russian Paris

Literary Fact ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 314-332
Author(s):  
Michela Venditti
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
National Library ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
The North ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The article is a introduction to the publication of the minutes of the meetings of the Russian lodge "Northern Star" in Paris, concerning the discussion on the admission of women to freemasonry. The proposed archival materials, deposited in the National Library of France in Paris, date back to 1945 and 1948. The women's issue became more relevant after the Second World War due to the fact that Masonic lodges had to recover and recruit new adherents. The article offers a brief overview of the women's issue in the history of Freemasonry in general, and in the Russian emigrant environment in particular. One of the founders of the North Star lodge, M. Osorgin, spoke out in the 1930s against the admission of women. In the discussions of the 1940s, the Masonic brothers repeat his opinion almost literally. Women's participation in Freemasonry is rejected using either gender or social arguments. Russian Freemasons mostly cite gender reasons: women have no place in Freemasonry because they are not men. Freemasonry, according to Osorgin, is a cult of the male creative principle, which is not peculiar to women. Discussions about the women's issue among Russian emigrant Freemasons are also an important source for studying their literary work; in particular, the post-war literary works of Gaito Gazdanov are closely connected with the Masonic ideology.

scholarly journals THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COALITIONAL INTERACTION IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR AS ONE OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC UNION FORMATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (06) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
R.R. Marchenkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Aspect ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Military ◽  
Second World

This article highlights the main milestones of Anglo-American coalition cooperation during the Second World War. The military-political aspect of cooperation is touched upon. An approach to the fusion of military mechanisms through the development of the idea of the qualitative use of the forces and means of the allies in compliance with the principle of unity of command is considered. It is concluded that certain fruits of cooperation between the Western allies, primarily within the framework of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, are taken into account in the post-war world. In addition, this article focuses on the position of the United Kingdom in terms of building a post-war security system.

De Festung IJmuiden en de werken in het duin

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
HENK BAAS
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Coastal Defence ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Second World

The Festung IJmuiden and the works in the dunes The Atlantic Wall was an extensive system of coastal defence and bunkers built by Nazi Germany between 1942 and 1944. In the Netherlands, two so-called Festungen were built to protect the harbours which were of great interest for the German occupiers. This map shows the Festung IJmuiden, built around the locks and harbours. The steelworks at the north side were also protected by this fortification. Besides different types of bunkers it also consisted of anti-tank ditches, antitank walls, dunes, minefields and hospitals. After the Second World War the traces of Nazi Germany were partly removed, also in this part of the Atlantic Wall. But many elements have remained and are more and more appreciated as cultural heritage.

scholarly journals Church and world after the Second Vatican Council

2013 ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Petro Yarotskiy
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
World War ◽  
The North ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
The World ◽  
Post War ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes ◽  
Second World

Cathedrals of the Catholic Church, as a rule, are gathering at the turning points of the development of the world and the life of the Church. II Vatican Council took place after the curves of the second drama of humanity in the Second World War, in the conditions of the post-war split of the world, first of all in Europe, in two opposing camps and the establishment of totalitarian regimes in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, the collapse of the colonial system and the appearance on the political map of the world (first of all in Africa and Asia) of young independent countries. At the same time, the world was once again faced with the threat of a new, already thermonuclear war, which, like the Damocles sword, hangs over humanity. The problems of the post-war world development in the conditions of the growing scientific and technological revolution, the launch of the space era, as well as the uneven economic and social development of the world in the coordinates of the North-South, arose.

scholarly journals Features of Implication of Memory Policy in Norway and Denmark

2017 ◽  
pp. 147-164
Author(s):  
Dmytro Lakishyk
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Main Function ◽  
World War ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The consolidation potential of memory policy in Norway and Denmark is analyzed. During the study, the distinctive features of the implementation of the memory policy of Norway and Denmark have been revealed. As in most European countries, the policy of the memory of the Scandinavian countries is reflected at the state level after the events of the Second World War. But the process of reconciliation with the past in Norway and Denmark in the 1970’s began to differ from a similar Western-European one. The north of the European continent was permeated with radical challenges to post-war historiography, which traditionally continued to represent a rather unified version of the interpretation of the events of the Second World War. Intensification of the study of memory dates back to the beginning of the twenty-first century. This process was especially noticeable in Denmark, where a large number of books on “dark spots” of the history of war were published, while in Norway, the number of publications was much smaller. Museums and exhibitions, which play an important role in representing the views of the Second Messenger War, are an important element in shaping memory policy. The main function of museums in Norway and Denmark was the restoration of national identity after the traumatic experience of war, which they still carry. Also, the integral parts of implementing the policy of memory in Scandinavian countries are measures devoted to the end of the war. In Norway and Denmark, as in other countries of the world, “memory days” are the cornerstone of memory policy. They are an important element for strengthening group identities and are a central component of collective memory.

scholarly journals Rola Józefa Grycza w powojennej ochronie zbiorów bibliotecznych

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 89-108
Author(s):  
Ryszard Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Physical Protection ◽  
Instruction Manual ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Working Out

During the Second World War Polish cultural heritage suffered severe losses. Among the persons who played an important role in the recovery of extant library collections was Józef Grycz. While the hostilities were still raging, Grycz was busy working out theoretical measures to be undertaken after the war. When peace finally came, Grycz immediately stepped in to implement his wartime ideas. During the period 1945–1949, he was active in book collection preservation on behalf of the Ministry of Enlightenment. It was on his initiative that the Central Directorate of Libraries was called into existence, as aministerial body responsible for library activities and the coordination of the all efforts in this respect undertaken by various institutions. He also published an instruction manual, which greatly facilitated works all over the country, and numerous official documents. His activities can be divided into two phases: the first one (to the end of 1946) consisted chiefly in physical protection of the recovered materials, while the second, which started with the launching of the Central Directorate at the beginning of 1947, concentrated on creating of a number of warehouses, where books were gathered, sorted, registered, and allocated with their future location in mind. Alodia Kawecka-Gryczowa, Józef Grycz’s wife, assisted him in those activities all along. The tasks undertaken by Grycz were extremely complicated and difficult. He was constantly hindered by all kinds of problems, which in the post-war Polish reality were inevitable. Nevertheless, under his guidance the salvage process covered more than ten million volumes. The significance of Grycz’s prominent personality in the preservation of Polish cultural heritage after World War II can hardly be overestimated.

Squatting: The Fight for Decent Shelter, 1970s–1980s

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-50
Author(s):  
John Marsland
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

During the twenty years after the Second World War, housing began to be seen as a basic right among many in the west, and the British welfare state included many policies and provisions to provide decent shelter for its citizens. This article focuses on the period circa 1968–85, because this was a time in England when the lack of affordable, secure-tenured housing reached a crisis level at the same time that central and local governmental housing policies received wider scrutiny for their ineffectiveness. My argument is that despite post-war laws and rhetoric, many Britons lived through a housing disaster and for many the most rational way they could solve their housing needs was to exploit loopholes in the law (as well as to break them out right). While the main focus of the article is on young British squatters, there is scope for transnational comparison. Squatters in other parts of the world looked to their example to address the housing needs in their own countries, especially as privatization of public services spread globally in the 1980s and 1990s. Dutch, Spanish, German and American squatters were involved in a symbiotic exchange of ideas and sometimes people with the British squatters and each other, and practices and rhetoric from one place were quickly adopted or rejected based on the success or failure in each place.

Metamorphoses of memory of the the Russian-Serbian Brotherhood of War in Modern Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-156
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Timofeev
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Party System ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Second World

The article considers the perception of World War II in modern Serbian society. Despite the stability of Serbian-Russian shared historical memory, the attitudes of both countries towards World wars differ. There is a huge contrast in the perception of the First and Second World War in Russian and Serbian societies. For the Serbs the events of World War II are obscured by the memories of the Civil War, which broke out in the country immediately after the occupation in 1941 and continued several years after 1945. Over 70% of Yugoslavs killed during the Second World War were slaughtered by the citizens of former Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The terror unleashed by Tito in the first postwar decade in 1944-1954 was proportionally bloodier than Stalin repressions in the postwar USSR. The number of emigrants from Yugoslavia after the establishment of the Tito's dictatorship was proportionally equal to the number of refugees from Russia after the Civil War (1,5-2% of prewar population). In the post-war years, open manipulations with the obvious facts of World War II took place in Tito's Yugoslavia. In the 1990s the memories repressed during the communist years were set free and publicly debated. After the fall of the one-party system the memory of World War II was devalued. The memory of the Russian-Serbian military fraternity forged during the World War II began to revive in Serbia due to the foreign policy changes in 2008. In October 2008 the President of Russia paid a visit to Serbia which began the process of (re) construction of World War II in Serbian historical memory. According to the public opinion surveys, a positive attitude towards Russia and Russians in Serbia strengthens the memories on general resistance to Nazism with memories of fratricide during the civil conflict events of 1941-1945 still dominating in Serbian society.

Western Ethnic Borderlands in the Influence of Russian-Soviet Propagangda Before and in the Years of the Second World War

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (46) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Igor Lyubchyk
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World ◽  
Russian Identity

The research issue peculiarities of wide Russian propaganda among the most Western ethnographic group – Lemkies is revealed in the article. The character and orientation of Russian and Soviet agitation through the social, religious and social movements aimed at supporting Russian identity in the region are traced. Tragic pages during the First World War were Thalrogian prisons for Lemkas, which actually swept Lemkivshchyna through Muscovophilian influences. Agitation for Russian Orthodoxy has provoked frequent cases of sharp conflicts between Lemkas. In general, attempts by moskvophile agitators to impose russian identity on the Orthodox rite were failed. Taking advantage of the complex socio-economic situation of Lemkos, Russian campaigners began to promote moving to the USSR. Another stage of Russian propaganda among Lemkos began with the onset of the Second World War. Throughout the territory of the Galician Lemkivshchyna, Soviet propaganda for resettlement to the USSR began rather quickly. During the dramatic events of the Second World War and the post-war period, despite the outbreaks of the liberation movement, among the Lemkoswere manifestations of political sympathies oriented toward the USSR. Keywords: borderlands, Lemkivshchyna, Lemky, Lemkivsky schism, Moskvophile, Orthodoxy, agitation, ethnopolitics

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