On the Identification of High‐Mass Star Forming Regions UsingIRAS: Contamination by Low‐Mass Protostars

2005 ◽  
Vol 625 (2) ◽  
pp. 883-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler L. Bourke ◽  
A. R. Hyland ◽  
Garry Robinson
Keyword(s):  
High Mass ◽  
Mass Star ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Star Forming Regions ◽  
Low Mass

scholarly journals ATLASGAL – Ammonia observations towards the southern Galactic plane

2018 ◽  
Vol 609 ◽  
pp. A125 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wienen ◽  
F. Wyrowski ◽  
K. M. Menten ◽  
J. S. Urquhart ◽  
C. M. Walmsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Hyperfine Structure ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Line Width ◽  
Rotational Temperature ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Mass Star ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Star Forming Regions ◽  
Low Mass

Context. The initial conditions of molecular clumps in which high-mass stars form are poorly understood. In particular, a more detailed study of the earliest evolutionary phases is needed. The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the whole inner Galactic disk at 870 μm, ATLASGAL, has therefore been conducted to discover high-mass star-forming regions at different evolutionary phases. Aims. We derive properties such as velocities, rotational temperatures, column densities, and abundances of a large sample of southern ATLASGAL clumps in the fourth quadrant. Methods. Using the Parkes telescope, we observed the NH3 (1, 1) to (3, 3) inversion transitions towards 354 dust clumps detected by ATLASGAL within a Galactic longitude range between 300° and 359° and a latitude within ± 1.5°. For a subsample of 289 sources, the N2H+ (1–0) line was measured with the Mopra telescope. Results. We measured a median NH3 (1, 1) line width of ~ 2 km s-1, rotational temperatures from 12 to 28 K with a mean of 18 K, and source-averaged NH3 abundances from 1.6 × 10-6 to 10-8. For a subsample with detected NH3 (2, 2) hyperfine components, we found that the commonly used method to compute the (2, 2) optical depth from the (1, 1) optical depth and the (2, 2) to (1, 1) main beam brightness temperature ratio leads to an underestimation of the rotational temperature and column density. A larger median virial parameter of ~ 1 is determined using the broader N2H+ line width than is estimated from the NH3 line width of ~ 0.5 with a general trend of a decreasing virial parameter with increasing gas mass. We obtain a rising NH3 (1, 1)/N2H+ line-width ratio with increasing rotational temperature. Conclusions. A comparison of NH3 line parameters of ATLASGAL clumps to cores in nearby molecular clouds reveals smaller velocity dispersions in low-mass than high-mass star-forming regions and a warmer surrounding of ATLASGAL clumps than the surrounding of low-mass cores. The NH3 (1, 1) inversion transition of 49% of the sources shows hyperfine structure anomalies. The intensity ratio of the outer hyperfine structure lines with a median of 1.27 ± 0.03 and a standard deviation of 0.45 is significantly higher than 1, while the intensity ratios of the inner satellites with a median of 0.9 ± 0.02 and standard deviation of 0.3 and the sum of the inner and outer hyperfine components with a median of 1.06 ± 0.02 and standard deviation of 0.37 are closer to 1.

scholarly journals D 2 O and HDS in the coma of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

2017 ◽  
Vol 375 (2097) ◽  
pp. 20160253 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Altwegg ◽  
H. Balsiger ◽  
J. J. Berthelier ◽  
A. Bieler ◽  
U. Calmonte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Ratio ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Mass Star ◽  
Deuterated Water ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Star Forming Regions ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Rosetta Mission ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Grain Surface

The European Rosetta mission has been following comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko for 2 years, studying the nucleus and coma in great detail. For most of these 2 years the Rosetta Orbiter Sensor for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) has analysed the volatile part of the coma. With its high mass resolution and sensitivity it was able to not only detect deuterated water HDO, but also doubly deuterated water, D 2 O and deuterated hydrogen sulfide HDS. The ratios for [HDO]/[H 2 O], [D 2 O]/[HDO] and [HDS]/[H 2 S] derived from our measurements are (1.05 ± 0.14) × 10 −3 , (1.80 ± 0.9) × 10 −2 and (1.2 ± 0.3) × 10 −3 , respectively. These results yield a very high ratio of 17 for [D 2 O]/[HDO] relative to [HDO]/[H 2 O]. Statistically one would expect just 1/4. Such a high value can be explained by cometary water coming unprocessed from the presolar cloud, where water is formed on grains, leading to high deuterium fractionation. The high [HDS]/[H 2 S] ratio is compatible with upper limits determined in low-mass star-forming regions and also points to a direct correlation of cometary H 2 S with presolar grain surface chemistry. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Cometary science after Rosetta’.

scholarly journals Low levels of methanol deuteration in the high-mass star-forming region NGC 6334I

2018 ◽  
Vol 615 ◽  
pp. A88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva G. Bøgelund ◽  
Brett A. McGuire ◽  
Niels F. W. Ligterink ◽  
Vianney Taquet ◽  
Crystal L. Brogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Mass Star ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Star Forming Regions ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Grain Surface ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Context. The abundance of deuterated molecules in a star-forming region is sensitive to the environment in which they are formed. Deuteration fractions, in other words the ratio of a species containing D to its hydrogenated counterpart, therefore provide a powerful tool for studying the physical and chemical evolution of a star-forming system. While local low-mass star-forming regions show very high deuteration ratios, much lower fractions are observed towards Orion and the Galactic centre. Astration of deuterium has been suggested as a possible cause for low deuteration in the Galactic centre. Aims. We derive methanol deuteration fractions at a number of locations towards the high-mass star-forming region NGC 6334I, located at a mean distance of 1.3 kpc, and discuss how these can shed light on the conditions prevailing during its formation. Methods. We use high sensitivity, high spatial and spectral resolution observations obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/ submillimeter Array to study transitions of the less abundant, optically thin, methanol-isotopologues: 13CH3OH, CH318OH, CH2DOH and CH3OD, detected towards NGC 6334I. Assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and excitation temperatures of ~120–330 K, we derive column densities for each of the species and use these to infer CH2DOH/CH3OH and CH3OD/CH3OH fractions. Results. We derive column densities in a range of (0.8–8.3) × 1017 cm−2 for 13CH3OH, (0.13–3.4) × 1017 cm−2 for CH318OH, (0.03–1.63) × 1017 cm−2 for CH2DOH and (0.15–5.5) × 1017 cm−2 for CH3OD in a ~1″ beam. Interestingly, the column densities of CH3OD are consistently higher than those of CH2DOH throughout the region by factors of 2–15. We calculate the CH2DOH to CH3OH and CH3OD to CH3OH ratios for each of the sampled locations in NGC 6334I. These values range from 0.03% to 0.34% for CH2DOH and from 0.27% to 1.07% for CH3OD if we use the 13C isotope of methanol as a standard; using the 18 O-methanol as a standard, decreases the ratios by factors of between two and three. Conclusions. All regions studied in this work show CH2DOH/CH3OH as well as CH2DOH/CH3OD values that are considerably lower than those derived towards low-mass star-forming regions and slightly lower than those derived for the high-mass star-forming regions in Orion and the Galactic centre. The low ratios indicate a grain surface temperature during formation ~30 K, for which the efficiency of the formation of deuterated species is significantly reduced. Therefore, astration of deuterium in the Galactic centre cannot be the explanation for its low deuteration ratio but rather the high temperatures characterising the region.

scholarly journals Search for radio jets from massive young stellar objects

2020 ◽  
Vol 645 ◽  
pp. A29
Author(s):  
Ü. Kavak ◽  
Á. Sánchez-Monge ◽  
A. López-Sepulcre ◽  
R. Cesaroni ◽  
F. F. S. van der Tak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Of View ◽  
Radio Continuum ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Mass Star ◽  
Low Mass Stars ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Radio Jets ◽  
Star Forming Regions ◽  
Nonthermal Emission ◽  
Low Mass

Context. Recent theoretical and observational studies debate the similarities of the formation process of high- (>8 M⊙) and low-mass stars. The formation of low-mass stars is directly associated with the presence of disks and jets. Theoretical models predict that stars with masses up to 140 M⊙ can be formed through disk-mediated accretion in disk-jet systems. According to this scenario, radio jets are expected to be common in high-mass star-forming regions. Aims. We aim to increase the number of known radio jets in high-mass star-forming regions by searching for radio-jet candidates at radio continuum wavelengths. Methods. We used the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) to observe 18 high-mass star-forming regions in the C band (6 cm, ≈1′′.0 resolution) and K band (1.3 cm, ≈0′′.3 resolution). We searched for radio-jet candidates by studying the association of radio continuum sources with shock activity signs (e.g., molecular outflows, extended green objects, and maser emission). Our VLA observations also targeted the 22 GHz H2O and 6.7 GHz CH3OH maser lines. Results. We have identified 146 radio continuum sources, 40 of which are located within the field of view of both images (C and K band maps). We derived the spectral index, which is consistent with thermal emission (between − 0.1 and + 2.0) for 73% of these sources. Based on the association with shock-activity signs, we identified 28 radio-jet candidates. Out of these, we identified 7 as the most probable radio jets. The radio luminosity of the radio-jet candidates is correlated with the bolometric luminosity and the outflow momentum rate. About 7–36% of the radio-jet candidates are associated with nonthermal emission. The radio-jet candidates associated with 6.7 GHz CH3OH maser emission are preferentially thermal winds and jets, while a considerable fraction of radio-jet candidates associated with H2O masers show nonthermal emission that is likely due to strong shocks. Conclusions. About 60% of the radio continuum sources detected within the field of view of our VLA images are potential radio jets. The remaining sources could be compact H II regions in their early stages of development, or radio jets for which we currently lack further evidence of shock activity. Our sample of 18 regions is divided into 8 less evolved infrared-dark regions and 10 more evolved infrared-bright regions. We found that ≈71% of the identified radio-jet candidates are located in the more evolved regions. Similarly, 25% of the less evolved regions harbor one of the most probable radio jets, while up to 50% of the more evolved regions contain one of these radio-jet candidates. This suggests that the detection of radio jets in high-mass star-forming regions is more likely in slightly more evolved regions.

scholarly journals VLBI multi-epoch water maser observations toward massive protostars

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (S287) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Torrelles ◽  
José F. Gómez ◽  
Nimesh A. Patel ◽  
Salvador Curiel ◽  
Guillem Anglada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Massive Star ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Mass Star ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Star Forming Regions ◽  
Central Engine ◽  
Dynamic Scenario ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Cepheus A ◽  
Water Maser

AbstractVLBI multi-epoch water maser observations are a powerful tool to study the gas very close to the central engine responsible for the phenomena associated with the early evolution of massive protostars. In this paper we present a summary of the main observational results obtained toward the massive star-forming regions of Cepheus A and W75N. These observations revealed unexpected phenomena in the earliest stages of evolution of massive objects (e.g., non-collimated “short-lived” pulsed ejections in different massive protostars), and provided new insights in the study of the dynamic scenario of the formation of high-mass stars (e.g., simultaneous presence of a jet and wide-angle outflow in the massive object Cep A HW2, similar to what is observed in low-mass protostars). In addition, with these observations it has been possible to identify new, previously unseen centers of high-mass star formation through outflow activity.

scholarly journals Chemically Fresh Gas Inflows Detected in a Nearby High-mass Star-forming Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 923 (1) ◽  
pp. L20
Author(s):  
Xi Chen ◽  
Zhi-Yuan Ren ◽  
Da-Lei Li ◽  
Tie Liu ◽  
Ke Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Evidence ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Mass Star ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Young Stellar Object ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Star Forming Regions ◽  
Molecular Lines ◽  
Low Mass

Abstract We report the detection of a chemically fresh inflow that is feeding high-mass young-stellar-object (HMYSO) growth in the nearby high-mass star-forming region G352.63 made with both the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and the Submillimeter Array (SMA). High-quality images of the dust and molecular lines from both ALMA and SMA have consistently revealed a gravitationally controlled cold (∼10 K) gas inflow of chemically fresh molecules (e.g., CCH and HC3N) toward the central HMYSO and its surrounding dense gas structure, which has a possible torus- or disk-like morphology. The HMYSO is also observed to have an outflow, which is nearly perpendicular to the torus and its parental filament, and thus can be clearly separated from the inflows. These kinematic features provide observational evidence to support the conjecture that the infalling streamers in high-mass star-forming regions could proceed in a similar process to that observed in low-mass counterparts. The chemically fresh infalling streamers could also be involved in the disk or torus configuration, fragmentation, and accretion bursts that occur in both simulations and observations.

scholarly journals Low-Mass Versus High-Mass Star Formation

1997 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 537-549
Author(s):  
T. W. Hartquist ◽  
J. E. Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Young Stars ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Mass Star ◽  
Low Mass Stars ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Star Forming Regions ◽  
Dense Cores ◽  
Global Properties ◽  
Low Mass

Structures like the clumps identified in the CO maps of the Rosette Molecular Cloud and the dense cores such as those in B5, a cluster of cores and young low-mass stars, are key to considerations of star formation. Whether star formation is a self-inducing process or one that causes itself to turn off depends greatly on whether the responses of the interclump and intercore media to young stars cause the collapse of clumps or cores to be faster than their ablation. We present a naive introduction to the lengthscales over which such responses are significant, mention ways in which the responses might induce collapse, review some of the little that is known of how flows of media around clumps and cores ablate them, and then return to the issue of the lengthscales over which such responses are significant by considering the global properties of mass-loaded flows in clumpy star forming regions.

scholarly journals Processed and Unprocessed Ices in Circumstellar Disks

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 479-481
Author(s):  
Klaus Pontoppidan ◽  
Ewine van Dishoeck ◽  
Emmanuel Dartois ◽  
Wing-Fai Thi
Keyword(s):  
Circumstellar Disks ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Mass Star ◽  
Low Mass Stars ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Star Forming Regions ◽  
Solar Type ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Circumstellar Environments

AbstractWe present 3-5 µm VLT-ISAAC spectroscopy showing the presence of methanol ices in edge-on disks of young embedded stars. Examples include the disks of L1489 IRS in Taurus and CRBR 2422.8-3423 in Ophiuchus, the last of which has the highest column density of solid CO known toward a YSO. Several additional low-mass sources in the Serpens and Chameleon molecular clouds exhibit abundant solid methanol although it is not clear if the ice is associated with a disk or with the envelope. These are the first detections of solid methanol in the disks and circumstellar environments of embedded young low-mass stars providing evidence that complex molecular species previously observed only in the solid state toward high-mass star forming regions are also present near solar-type young stars. The constraints on the formation mechanisms of methanol and the chemical evolution of ices as the material is incorporated into circumstellar disks are discussed.

scholarly journals Chemistry in the Envelopes around Massive Young Stars

2000 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 97-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewine F. van Dishoeck ◽  
Floris F. S. van der Tak
Keyword(s):  
Young Stars ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Young Stellar Objects ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Mass Star ◽  
Stellar Objects ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Star Forming Regions ◽  
Chemical Models ◽  
Low Mass

Recent observational studies of intermediate- and high-mass star-forming regions at submillimeter and infrared wavelengths are reviewed, and chemical diagnostics of the different physical components associated with young stellar objects are summarized. Procedures for determining the temperature, density and abundance profiles in the envelopes are outlined. A detailed study of a set of infrared-bright massive young stars reveals systematic increases in the gas/solid ratios, the abundances of evaporated molecules, and the fraction of heated ices with increasing temperature. Since these diverse phenomena involve a range of temperatures from < 100 K to 1000 K, the enhanced temperatures must be communicated to both the inner and outer parts of the envelopes. This ‘global heating’ plausibly results from the gradual dispersion of the envelopes with time. Similarities and differences with low-mass YSOs are discussed. The availability of accurate physical models will allow chemical models of ice evaporation followed by ‘hot core’ chemistry to be tested in detail.

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