The Calc-Alkaline Series and the Trend of Fractional Crystallization of Basaltic Magma: A New Approach at Graphic Representation

1954 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Poldervaart ◽  
Wolfgang E. Elston
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Crystallization ◽  
Basaltic Magma ◽  
Graphic Representation ◽  
Calc Alkaline ◽  
New Approach

Contribution a l'etude du volcanisme de l'arc des Nouvelles-Hebrides; caracterisation de deux series magmatiques de l'ile d'Erromango

1979 ◽  
Vol S7-XXI (5) ◽  
pp. 631-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Marcelot ◽  
C. Lefevre ◽  
P. Maillet ◽  
R. C. Maury
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Crystallization ◽  
Basaltic Magma ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
Calc Alkaline ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
New Hebrides ◽  
Volcanic Series

Abstract The volcanic series of Mt Rantop and Robertson's Thumb, Erromango Island, New Hebrides, formed by fractional crystallization of orogenic basaltic magma of near-island-arc tholeiitic type. Differentiation was controlled mainly by separation of plagioclase, olivine and clinopyroxene. The Mt Rantop series is predominantly tholeiitic (plagioclase at the liquidus, late appearance of magnetite, pigeonite in microphenocrysts, and Fe and Ti remaining constant or increasing in the early stages of differentiation); those of Robertson's Thumb are mostly calc-alkaline (magnetite at the liquidus, late appearance of plagioclase, olivine quickly becoming unstable, orthopyroxene in phenocrysts and early decrease of Fe and Ti). The compositional differences reflect higher fO <sub>2</sub> and PH <sub>2</sub> O in Robertson's Thumb during fractional crystallization.

scholarly journals Chemical Evolution of Calc-alkaline Magmas during the Ascent through Continental Crust: Constraints from Methana, Aegean Arc

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena V Schoenhofen ◽  
Karsten M Haase ◽  
Christoph Beier ◽  
Dominic Woelki ◽  
Marcel Regelous
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Continental Crust ◽  
Fractional Crystallization ◽  
Magma Mixing ◽  
Basaltic Magma ◽  
High Water ◽  
Calc Alkaline ◽  
Mafic Enclaves ◽  
Aegean Arc ◽  
Mineral Compositions

Abstract Quaternary calc-alkaline andesitic to dacitic lavas effusively erupted on top of about 30 km thick accreted continental crust at Methana peninsula in the western Aegean arc. We present new data of major and trace element concentrations as well as of Sr–Nd–Pb isotope ratios along with mineral compositions of Methana lavas and their mafic enclaves. The enclaves imply a parental basaltic magma and fractional crystallization processes with relatively little crustal assimilation in the deep part of the Methana magma system. The composition of amphibole in some mafic enclaves and lavas indicates deeper crystallization at ∼25 km depth close to the Moho compared with the evolved lavas that formed at <15 km depth. The presence of amphibole and low Ca contents in olivine suggest high water contents of ∼4 wt% in the primitive magmas at Methana. The compositions of andesitic and dacitic lavas reflect fractional crystallization, assimilation of sedimentary material, and magma mixing in the upper 15 km of the crust. The Methana magmas have fO2 of FMQ + 1 to FMQ + 2 (where FMQ is the fayalite–magnetite–quartz buffer) at temperatures of 1200 to 750 °C and the fO2 does not vary systematically from mafic to felsic compositions, suggesting that the mantle wedge was oxidized by sediment subduction. Amphibole is an important fractionating phase in the more evolved Methana magmas and causes significant changes in incompatible element ratios. Although xenocrysts and mineral compositions indicate magma mixing, the major and trace element variation implies only limited mixing between dacitic and basaltic melts.

Stratigraphy and eruptive history of the Late Devonian Mount Pleasant Caldera Complex, Canadian Appalachians

1997 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. McCUTCHEON ◽  
H. E. ANDERSON ◽  
P. T. ROBINSON
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Crystallization ◽  
Basaltic Magma ◽  
Late Devonian ◽  
Crustal Material ◽  
Basaltic Rocks ◽  
Stratigraphic Subdivision ◽  
Mount Pleasant ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Mafic Lavas

Stratigraphic, petrographic and geochemical evidence indicate that the volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Late Devonian Piskahegan Group, located in the northern Appalachians of southwestern New Brunswick, represent the eroded remnants of a large epicontinental caldera complex. This complex – the Mount Pleasant Caldera – is one of few recognizable pre-Cenozoic calderas and is divisible into Exocaldera, Intracaldera and Late Caldera-Fill sequences. The Intracaldera Sequence comprises four formations that crop out in a triangular-shaped area and includes: thick ash flow tuffs, thick sedimentary breccias that dip inward, and stocks of intermediate to felsic composition that intrude the volcanic pile or are localized along caldera-margin faults. The Exocaldera Sequence contains ash flow tuffs, mafic lavas, alluvial redbeds and porphyritic felsic lavas that comprise five formations. The Late Caldera-Fill Sequence contains rocks that are similar to those of the outflow facies and comprises two formations and two minor intrusive units. Geochemical and mineralogical data support the stratigraphic subdivision and indicate that the basaltic rocks are mantle-derived and have intraplate chemical affinities. The andesites were probably derived from basaltic magma by fractional crystallization and assimilation of crustal material. The various felsic units are related by episodes of fractional crystallization in a high-level, zoned magma chamber. Fractionation was repeatedly interrupted by eruption of material from the roof zone such that seven stages of caldera development have been identified. The genesis of the caldera is related to a period of lithospheric thinning that followed the Acadian Orogeny in the northern Appalachians.

Eocene Challis-Kamloops volcanism in central British Columbia: an example from the Buck Creek basin

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 951-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Dostal ◽  
D A Robichaud ◽  
B N Church ◽  
P H Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Element ◽  
Fractional Crystallization ◽  
Earth Element ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
The United States ◽  
Calc Alkaline ◽  
Heavy Rare Earth Element

Eocene volcanic rocks of the Buck Creek basin in central British Columbia are part of the Challis-Kamloops volcanic belt extending from the United States across British Columbia to central Yukon. The volcanic rocks include two units, the Buck Creek Formation, composed of high-K calc-alkaline rocks with predominant andesitic composition, and the overlying Swans Lake unit made up of intraplate tholeiitic basalts. Whole rock 40Ar/39Ar data for both units show that they were emplaced at 50 Ma. They have similar mantle-normalized trace element patterns characterized by a large-ion lithophile element enrichment and Nb-Ta depletion, similar chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns with (La/Yb)n ~4-14 and heavy rare earth element fractionation, and overlapping epsilonNd values (2.4-3.1) and initial Sr-isotope ratios ( ~ 0.704). These features suggest derivation of these two units from a similar mantle source, probably garnet-bearing subcontinental lithosphere. The differences between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline suites can be due, in part, to differences in the depth of fractional crystallization and the crystallizing mineral assemblage. Fractional crystallization of the calc-alkaline magmas began at a greater (mid-crustal) depth and included fractionation of Fe-Ti oxides. The volcanic rocks are probably related to subduction of the Farallon plate under the North American continent in a regime characterized by transcurrent movements and strike-slip faulting.

An early Proterozoic volcanic arc succession in southeastern Wyoming

1984 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent C. Condie ◽  
Craig A. Shadel
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Crystallization ◽  
Tectonic Setting ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Alkaline Basalt ◽  
Calc Alkaline ◽  
Early Proterozoic ◽  
Enriched Mantle ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Felsic Volcanic

The Green Mountain Formation of early Proterozoic age in the Sierra Madre Range of southeastern Wyoming comprises a bimodal mafic and felsic volcanic assemblage. The rocks, which are chiefly breccias, agglomerates, flows, and volcaniclastic sediments, represent both subaerial and submarine eruptions and in part were redeposited in fluvial and nearshore marine environments. Volcanic rocks are clearly calc-alkaline in character and share a large number of geochemical features in common with continental-margin arcs or evolved oceanic-arc systems.The low Mg numbers and Ni contents of the basalts require 30–40% olivine fractional crystallization, and the high contents of the most incompatible elements, high (La/Sm)N ratios, and low Zr/Nb ratios require an undepleted or enriched mantle source. Geochemical data are consistent with an origin for the felsic volcanics and associated Encampment River granodiorite by shallow fractional crystallization of calc-alkaline basalt in a tectonic setting similar to modern arc systems. The near absence of andesites may reflect the retention of andesitic magma in crustal reservoirs during fractional cyrstallization.

Evidence in Variscan Corsica of a brief and voluminous Late Carboniferous to Early Permian volcanic-plutonic event contemporaneous with a high-temperature/low-pressure metamorphic peak in the lower crust

2015 ◽  
Vol 186 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 171-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Rossi ◽  
Alain Cocherie ◽  
C. Mark Fanning
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Basaltic Magma ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Calc Alkaline ◽  
Magma Chambers ◽  
Zircon Dating ◽  
North West ◽  
Deep Crust ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Exposed Part

Abstract The U2 group of plutonic rocks constituting the main exposed part of the Corsica-Sardinia batholith (CSB) was emplaced from 308 to 275 Ma (the early Visean U1 group of Mg-K intrusions is not considered here). Field evidence earlier established volcanic-plutonic relationships in the U2 group of calc-alkaline intrusions of the CSB, though detailed chronological data were still lacking. Large outcrops of U2 volcanic formations are restricted to the less eroded zone north-west of the Porto-Ponte Leccia line in Corsica, but volcanic and volcano-sedimentary formations were widely eroded elsewhere since Permian times. They probably covered most of the batholith before the Miocene, as testified by the volcanic nature of the pebbles that form much of the Early Miocene conglomerates of eastern Corsica. U-Pb zircon dating (SHRIMP) was used for deciphering the chronology and duration of different volcanic pulses and for better estimating the time overlap between plutonic and volcanic rock emplacement in the CSB. The obtained ages fit well with field data, showing that most of the U2 and U3 volcanic formations were emplaced within a brief time span of roughly 15 m.y., from 293 to 278 Ma, coeval with most U2 monzogranodiorites and leucomonzogranites (295–280 Ma), alkaline U3 complexes (about 288 Ma), and mafic-ultramafic tholeiitic complexes (295–275 Ma). The same chronological link between deep-seated magma chambers and eruptions was identified in the Pyrenees. These results correlate with U-Pb zircon dating of HT-LP granulites from the Variscan deep crust exhumed along the “European” margin of the thinned Tethys margin in Corsica and Calabria. Here, the peak of the low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphism was dated at about 285–280 Ma. Our results throw light on the condition of magma production during the orogenic collapse in the southern Variscan realm. While juvenile tholeiitic basaltic magma was produced by the melting of spinel mantle lithosphere, all fertile protoliths melted in a brief period during the HT-LP peak in lower continental crust, leading to massive emplacement of large felsic U2 calc-alkaline and minor U3 A-type volcano-plutonic formations over about 15 Ma.

The Westwood Deposit, Southern Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Canada: An Archean Au-Rich Polymetallic Magmatic-Hydrothermal System—Part I. Volcanic Architecture, Deformation, and Metamorphism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Yergeau ◽  
P. Mercier-Langevin ◽  
B. Dubé ◽  
M. Malo ◽  
A. Savoie
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Crystallization ◽  
Greenstone Belt ◽  
Massive Sulfide ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
Intrusive Complex ◽  
Calc Alkaline ◽  
Abitibi Greenstone Belt ◽  
Intrusive Rocks ◽  
Ore Zones

Abstract The Westwood deposit (4.5 Moz Au) is hosted in the 2699–2695 Ma Bousquet Formation volcanic and intrusive rocks, in the eastern part of the Blake River Group, southern Abitibi greenstone belt. The Bousquet Formation is divided in two geochemically distinct members: a mafic to intermediate, tholeiitic to transitional lower member and an intermediate to felsic, transitional to calc-alkaline upper member. The Bousquet Formation is cut by the synvolcanic (2699–2696 Ma) polyphase Mooshla Intrusive Complex, which is cogenetic with the Bousquet Formation. The deposit contains three strongly deformed (D2 flattening and stretching), steeply S-dipping mineralized corridors that are stacked from north to south: Zone 2 Extension, North Corridor, and Westwood Corridor. The North and Westwood corridors are composed of Au-rich polymetallic sulfide veins and stratabound to stratiform disseminated to massive sulfide ore zones that are spatially and genetically associated with the calcalkaline, intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks of the upper Bousquet Formation. The formation of the disseminated to semimassive ore zones is interpreted as strongly controlled by the replacement of porous volcaniclastic rocks at the contact with more impermeable massive cap rocks that helped confine the upflow of mineralizing fluids. The massive sulfide lenses are spatially associated with dacitic to rhyolitic domes and are interpreted as being formed, at least in part, on the paleoseafloor. The epizonal, sulfide-quartz vein-type ore zones of the Zone 2 Extension are associated with the injection of subvolcanic, calc-alkaline felsic sills and dikes within the lower Bousquet Formation. These subvolcanic intrusive rocks, previously interpreted as lava flows, are cogenetic and coeval with the intermediate to felsic lava flows and domes of the upper Bousquet Formation. The change from fractional crystallization to assimilation- and fractional crystallization-dominated processes and transitional to calc-alkaline magmatism is interpreted to be responsible for the development of the auriferous ore-forming system. The Westwood deposit is similar to some Phanerozoic Au ± base metal-rich magmatic-hydrothermal systems, both in terms of local volcano-plutonic architecture and inferred petrogenetic context. The complex volcanic evolution of the host sequence at Westwood, combined with its proximity to a polyphase synvolcanic intrusive complex, led to the development of one of the few known large Archean subaqueous Au-rich magmatic-hydrothermal systems.

On the electrolysis of molten basalt

1968 ◽  
Vol 36 (284) ◽  
pp. 1104-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Oppenheim
Keyword(s):  
Rock Type ◽  
Basaltic Magma ◽  
Basalt Magma ◽  
Calc Alkaline ◽  
Electric Currents ◽  
Normative Quartz ◽  
Oxygen Gas

SummaryThe effects to be expected from the interaction of possible electric currents at depth with bodies of basaltic magma have been investigated experimentally. Trough-shaped molten specimens were produced in the surface of basalt blocks by heating from above ; the melts were electrolysed and the products analysed chemically.Si, Al, Ti, P, Fe2+, and probably Fe3+ are concentrated towards the anode, apparently in the form of drifting lattice remnants; oxygen gas is liberated. Na, K, Ca, Mn, and Mg ions concentrate towards the cathode.Relatively to basalt, the cathodic product is an alkaline and femic rock with normative nepheline and a more acid plagioclase. The anodic rock is distinctly calc-alkaline and salic, with normative quartz and a plagioclase that is more basic. The precise ‘rock-type’ developed depends on the amount of electricity passed, but the trends are distinct. In that increasing basicity and alkalinity (cathodic rocks) are accompanied by both increasing Na/K and Mg/(Fe2+ + Fe3+) ratios (which ratios decrease with decreasing basicity and alkalinity) the electrolytic series developed from a basalt magma appears to have few counterparts among natural rocks.

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