Risks and Benefits of Targeted Malaria Treatment Based on Rapid Diagnostic Test Results

Abstract Backgrounds : Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) is a imunologic methode to diagnose malaria. Mostly, Orang Rimba hunt nomadically. Orang Rimba have traditional medicine to cure malaria. The purposes of this research are to know the incident of malaria based on RDT and malaria treatment behaviour of Orang Rimba. Methode : This research was descriptive study. The populations of this research were Orang Rimba in Desa Bukit Suban and Sekamis, Kabupaten Sarolangun. The number of samples in this research is 49 respondents. The sample was taken by systematic random sampling. Data were analyzed with univariat analysis. Result : The result showed that 16,7 % had malaria positive, P. vivax was the dominat species of plasmodium (62,5%). Mostly the aged of respondent was 5-11 years old (41,7%), the gender was male (58,3%), occupation was doesn’t work (56,3%), marriage status was marriage (56,3%). Most of Orang Rimba had worse knowladge level (53,6%), the mostly used term in Orang Rimba was demam kuro (50%), only (42,9%) respondents knew the trias of malaria, only 9 respondents knew that cause of malaria was mosquito’s bites, Orang Rimba mostly knew the danger of malaria (85,7%) and the complication of malaria (89,3%), and knew that malaria could be cured (82,1%). The users of modern combined with traditional medicine were as much as 57,1%, Orang Rimba mostly used ≥ 3 kinds of traditional medicine 53,6%, traditional medicine was mostly processed by boiling (24 respondents) and mostly knew one way of processing the traditional medicine (57,1%), traditional medicine was mostly for being eaten or drunk and external medicine (50%), the duration of using traditional medicine was mostly 2-3 days (46,4%), Orang Rimba mostly said that traditional medicine was efficacious (92,9%). Conclusions : The incident number of malaria was 16,7% and the mostly users of modern combined with traditional medicine were as much as 57,1%. Keywords : Malaria, RDT, orang rimba, malaria treatment behaviour Abstrak Latar Belakang : Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) merupakan metoda imunologik untuk mendiagnosis malaria. Lokasi berburu Orang Rimba cenderung berpindah-pindah. Orang Rimba memiliki kearifan lokal dalam mengobati malaria. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui skrining malaria berdasarkan RDT dan perilaku pengobatan malaria pada Orang Rimba. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Populasi penelitian seluruh Orang Rimba yang berada di Desa Bukit Suban dan Sekamis. Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 48 responden. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik Systematic Random Sampling. Data dianalisis dengan analisis univariat. Hasil : Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan 16,7% positif malaria, jenis plasmodium yang dominan adalah P. vivax (62,5%). Sebagian besar responden berusia 5-11 tahun (41,7%), sebagian besar berjenis kelamin laki-laki (58,3%), sebagian besar pekerjaan responden tidak bekerja (56,3%), sebagian besar berstatus kawin (56,3%). Sebagian besar Orang Rimba memiliki tingkat pengetahuan kurang baik (53,6%), sebagian besar menggunakan istilah demam kuro untuk menyebutkan malaria (50%), hanya 42,9% yang mengetahui trias malaria, hanya 9 responden yang menjawab penyebab malaria adalah gigitan nyamuk, sebagian besar mengetahui bahaya malaria 85,7%, jenis bahaya malaria 89,3%, dan mengetahui bahwa malaria dapat disembuhkan 82,1%. Pengguna pengobatan modern dikombinasi dengan pengobatan tradisional sebanyak 57,1%, sebagian besar menggunakan ≥ 3 jenis obat tradisional (53,6%), cara pengolahan yang paling banyak dengan cara direbus (24 responden) dan mengetahui 1 cara pengolahan (57,1%), cara pemakaian yang paling banyak dengan dimakan atau diminum dan obat luar (50%), lama penggunaan yang paling banyak selama 2-3 hari (46,4%), sebagian besar mengatakan obat tradisional berkhasiat (92,9%). Kesimpulan : Angka kejadian malaria sebesar 16,7% dan upaya pengobatan malaria terbanyak adalah dengan pengobatan modern dikombinasi dengan pengobatan tradisional (57,1%). Kata Kunci : Malaria, RDT, orang rimba, perilaku pengobatan malaria

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COMPARISON OF FOURTH GENERATION ELISA AND RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR DIAGNOSIS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS(HCV) INFECTION IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL.

10.36106/2000717 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 15-17

Author(s):

Stuti Kansra Arora ◽

Mala Chhabra ◽

Anuradha Anuradha ◽

Arvind Achra ◽

Nandini Duggal

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Test ◽

Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽

Sensitivity And Specificity ◽

Treatment Initiation ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Fourth Generation ◽

World Population ◽

Test Results ◽

Blood Samples

Introduction:Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has emerged as one of the major global health challenge affecting about 2 - 3% of the world population. Epidemiological studies have shown that HCV infection is a major risk factor for development of Acute hepatitis,chronic liver disease,cirrhosis and Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Early diagnosis of HCV is important to link hepatitis testing to care and treatment initiation. Aim:To compare sensitivity and specificity of rapid diagnostic test (RDT) with fourth generation ELISA Material and Method: This study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences (formerly Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research) and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital from January 2018 to December 2018.Blood samples of patients suspected with hepatitis were tested using ELISA and rapid diagnostic test Results: In our study 26378 blood samples were tested for HCV,using fourth generation ELISA.Of these,581(2.20%) samples were found to be positive by ELISA.These HCV positive samples along with equal number of ELISA negative samples were tested by rapid diagnostic test. Sensitivity and specificity of the rapid diagnostic test was found to be 72.98 % and 100% respectively. Discussion:Rapid diagnostic test can be used during emergency hours but their results must be followed by ELISA test results in a tertiary care hospital.Reporting of false negative results should be minimized for rapid linkage to treatment initiation and to avoid silent transmission of infection.

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SMS messages increase adherence to rapid diagnostic test results among malaria patients: results from a pilot study in Nigeria

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/1475-2875-13-69 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Sepideh Modrek ◽

Eric Schatzkin ◽

Anna De La Cruz ◽

Chinwoke Isiguzo ◽

Ernest Nwokolo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Diagnostic Test ◽

Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽

Test Results

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Causes of false-positive HIV rapid diagnostic test results

Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy ◽

10.1586/14787210.2014.866516 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 49-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Derryck Klarkowski ◽

Daniel P O’Brien ◽

Leslie Shanks ◽

Kasha P Singh

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Test ◽

Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽

False Positive ◽

Test Results

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Adherence to malaria rapid diagnostic test results and a qualitative study on Health Workers perception about the test in Agona East District of Ghana

10.21203/rs.3.rs-118883/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Selina Ansah-Koi

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Test ◽

Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽

Health Workers ◽

Health Planning ◽

National Level ◽

Health Facilities ◽

Health Centers ◽

Quantitative Aspect ◽

Test Results ◽

Negative Test

Abstract Background Ghana has adopted the policy of diagnostically testing for malaria before treatment. The Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) is used to diagnose malaria especially in lower health facilities like Health Centers (HC) and Community-based Health Planning Services (CHPS) Compounds without microscopy. Studies have shown that clinicians do not always adhere to negative malaria test results of the RDT and prescribe anti-malarials. Methods Quantitative aspect focused on how malaria is diagnosed and adherence to negative rapid diagnostic test results using the consulting room register and patients’ folder of six health facilities within the period of July to September 2015. In-depth interviews using purposive sampling was conducted for 14 health workers at Health Centers and CHPS compounds to find out their perceptions about malaria RDT and reasons for adherence or non-adherence to test results.Results Of the six health facilities in the Agona East District, 3.87% (14/362) were presumptively diagnosed with malaria whiles 96.10% (348/362) were diagnosed with malaria using RDT.For those tested with RDT, 15.25% tested negative and 84.75% tested positive. Of those who tested negative, 20.75% were given anti-malarials and 79.25% did not receive anti-malarials. Health workers perceived the Malaria RDT kit as easy to use and also as making work easier. Testing is done mainly because it is a policy. Conclusion The malaria testing rate in the Agona East District is higher than that at the National level. Health Centers compared to CHPS compounds are likely to treat for malaria in cases of a negative test result. There is also high adherence to negative test results. Health workers perceive the RDT as a useful tool which has made malaria diagnosis easy.

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Clinical outcomes among febrile children aged 2 to 59 months with negative malaria rapid diagnostic test results in Mchinji District, Malawi

Malawi Medical Journal ◽

10.4314/mmj.v28i4.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 150

Author(s):

Dyson Mwandama ◽

Chawanangwa Mwale ◽

Andrew Bauleni ◽

Themba Phiri ◽

Joseph Chisaka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Diagnostic Test ◽

Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽

Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽

Test Results

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Accuracy of SD Malaria Ag P.f/Pan® as a rapid diagnostic test in French Amazonia

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-021-03902-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jean Marc Pujo ◽

Stéphanie Houcke ◽

Sarah Lemmonier ◽

Patrick Portecop ◽

Alexis Frémery ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Test ◽

Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Malaria Diagnosis ◽

Blood Film ◽

Test Results ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Imported Cases ◽

Remote Healthcare

Abstract Background French Guiana (FG) is a French overseas territory where malaria is endemic. The current incidence rate is 0.74‰ inhabitants, and Plasmodium vivax is widely predominating even though Plasmodium falciparum is still present due to imported cases mainly from Africa. In FG, rapid diagnostic test (SD Malaria Ag P.f/Pan®) is based on the detection of pan-pLDH, PfHRP2, and PfHRP3 antigens, while in South America, the share of deletion of PfHRP2 gene is significantly increasing. Accordingly, the study questions the reliability of RDTs in the Amazonian context. Methods The study is retrospective. It is conducted over 4 years and analysed 12,880 rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) compared to concomitant Blood Film Tests (BFTs) sampled for malaria diagnosis. Results The global assessment of the accuracy of SD Malaria Ag P.f/Pan® in the diagnostic of malaria shows both Positive and Negative Predictive Values (PPV and NPV) higher than 95%, except for PPV in the diagnosis of malaria to P. falciparum (88%). Overall, the concordance rate between RDT and BFT (positive/positive; negative/negative) was 99.5%. The PPV of the RDT in the follow-up of patients diagnosed with P. falciparum was the lowest during the first 28 days. The PPV of the RDT in the follow-up of patients diagnosed with P. vivax was the lowest during the first 21 days. The global sensitivity of SD Malaria Ag P.f/Pan® test was, on average, 96% (88.2–100) for P. falciparum and 93% (90.6–94.2) for P. vivax. The global specificity was 99.8% (99.5–100) for all included species. Conclusion SD Malaria Ag P.f/Pan® is a reliable rapid test used for the first-line diagnosis in remote healthcare centres. The test results should be interpreted in the light of patient’s recent medical history and the date of arrival to FG.

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Compliance with Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Results and Correlates among Clinicians in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria: 2018

Open Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.4236/ojepi.2019.94020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 09 (04) ◽

pp. 259-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Goodwill B. Effah ◽

Bernadine Ekpenyong ◽

Gbadebo Babatunde ◽

Ikeoluwapo O. Ajayi ◽

David Dairo

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Test ◽

Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽

Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽

Test Results

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Using mixed effects logistic regression models for complex survey data on malaria rapid diagnostic test results

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-018-2604-y ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chigozie Louisa J. Ugwu ◽

Temesgen T. Zewotir

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Diagnostic Test ◽

Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽

Regression Models ◽

Mixed Effects ◽

Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽

Test Results ◽

Complex Survey ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Complex Survey Data

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Incorporation of rapid diagnostic tests to improve time to antimicrobial therapy for gram-positive bacteremia and candidemia

American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy ◽

10.1093/ajhp/zxaa030 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 77 (8) ◽

pp. 622-631

Author(s):

Leroy Koh ◽

Punit J Shah ◽

Aileen Korulla ◽

Gordana Jasmak ◽

Oyejoke Fasoranti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Diagnostic Test ◽

Rapid Diagnostic Test ◽

Antimicrobial Therapy ◽

Community Hospital ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Effective Therapy ◽

Test Results ◽

Gram Positive ◽

The Mean

Abstract Purpose Even with rapid diagnostic technology to swiftly identify infectious organisms, prompt response is needed to translate results into appropriate actions. The purpose of this study was to determine if the introduction of real-time pharmacist response to positive rapid diagnostic test results would decrease time to antimicrobial therapy for gram-positive bacteremia and candidemia in a community hospital setting. Methods A quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2 community hospitals. The study comprised 2 cohorts of adult patients who tested positive for gram-positive bacteremia involving Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, or Candida species. The preintervention cohort consisted of patients admitted from November 2017 through May 2018. The intervention cohort consisted of patients admitted from July 2018 through January 2019, after the intervention went live. The primary outcomes were time to optimal antimicrobial therapy and time to effective antimicrobial therapy. Results A total of 140 patients were included in the preintervention group, with 124 patients included in the intervention group. The mean (SD) time to effective therapy decreased from 13.9 (21.6) hours in the preintervention group to 8.6 (12.5) hours in the intervention group (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89-1.48; P = 0.29). The mean (SD) time to optimal therapy significantly decreased from 53.7 (57.7) hours in the preintervention group to 38.4 (31.5) hours in the intervention group (HR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.33-2.26; P < 0.001). Conclusion The introduction of real-time pharmacist response to positive rapid diagnostic test results led to a significant decrease in time to optimal antimicrobial therapy but did not significantly affect time to effective therapy. The results showed that the allocation of limited resources of a community hospital to such a stewardship program is justifiable.

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