scholarly journals Image Analysis to Optimize Calculations of Grinding Modes

2021 ◽  
Vol 2096 (1) ◽  
pp. 012126
Author(s):  
T R Zmyzgova ◽  
N V Agapova ◽  
E N Polyakova ◽  
A V Chelovechkova
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
Single Slice ◽  
Image Creation ◽  
Output Characteristics ◽  
Graphic Screen ◽  
Cutting Modes

Abstract Modeling helps to investigate and analyze the interrelationships of grinding parameters as a single system. The article describes a computer model of the surface layer of a grinding wheel, taking into account the cutting modes and characteristics of the circle. The subsystem of the surface layer of the grinding wheel is the most important subsystem of grinding, since it connects the main characteristics of the circle with the cutting modes and with the parameters of the workpiece. The output characteristics of the model are the parameters of the working layer with a height of several micrometers, in which micro-cutting occurs. It is impossible (or very difficult) to obtain them by conducting full-scale experiments, since the processes are instantaneous, and the cutting elements have micro-dimensions. This problem was solved by creating a simulation stochastic model based on the geometric representation of the surface layer, which clearly displays the result. The analysis of the image of this model allowed us to numerically describe the output parameters of cutting. The article offers a faster algorithm for analyzing the image of the simulation model of the surface layer. It is carried out over a matrix containing numerical information about the projection of the surface layer, the main parameters of each single slice are calculated, and only after that the result is displayed on the graphic screen. To simulate a single grinding mode, it is necessary to repeat the process of "image creation - image analysis– output of results" hundreds of times until a stable state is reached. The use of the algorithm in an automated system will allow you to create a system for automatically searching for optimal grinding modes, as well as to derive analytical dependencies of cutting modes on input parameters, for example, on the parameters of the circle and the workpiece.

A Review on Automatic Bill of Material Generation and Visual Inspection on PCBs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukhil Azhagan M. S ◽  
Dhwani Mehta ◽  
Hangwei Lu ◽  
Sudarshan Agrawal ◽  
Mark Tehranipoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Bill Of Materials ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Index Terms ◽  
Image Analysis Techniques

Abstract Globalization and complexity of the PCB supply chain has made hardware assurance a challenging task. An automated system to extract the Bill of Materials (BoM) can save time and resources during the authentication process, however, there are numerous imaging modalities and image analysis techniques that can be used to create such a system. In this paper we review different imaging modalities and their pros and cons for automatic PCB inspection. In addition, image analysis techniques commonly used for such images are reviewed in a systematic way to provide a direction for future research in this area. Index Terms—Component Detection, PCB, Authentication, Image Analysis, Machine Learning

Probabilistic model of surface layer removal when grinding brittle non-metallic materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-16
Author(s):  
Sergey Bratan ◽  
◽  
Stanislav Roshchupkin ◽  
Alexander Kharchenko ◽  
Anastasia Chasovitina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Contact Zone ◽  
Probabilistic Model ◽  
Material Removal ◽  
Brittle Materials ◽  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Deformable Solid ◽  
Metallic Material ◽  
Wide Range

Introduction. The final quality of products is formed during finishing operations, which include the grinding process. It is known that when grinding brittle materials, the cost of grinding work increases significantly. It is possible to reduce the scatter of product quality indicators when grinding brittle materials, as well as to increase the reliability and efficiency of the operation, by choosing the optimal parameters of the technological system based on dynamic models of the process. However, to describe the regularities of the removal of particles of a brittle non-metallic material and the wear of the surface of the grinding wheel in the contact zone, the known models do not allow taking into account the peculiarities of the process in which micro-cutting and brittle chipping of the material are combined. Purpose of the work: to create a new probabilistic model for removing the surface layer when grinding brittle non-metallic materials. The task is to study the laws governing the removal of particles of brittle non-metallic material in the contact zone. In this work, the removal of material in the contact zone as a result of microcutting and brittle chipping is considered as a random event. The research methods are mathematical and physical simulation using the basic provisions of the theory of probability, the laws of distribution of random variables, as well as the theory of cutting and the theory of a deformable solid. Results and discussion. The developed mathematical models make it possible to trace the effect on material removal of the overlap of single cuts on each other when grinding holes in ceramic materials. The proposed dependences show the regularity of stock removal within the arc of contact of the grinding wheel with the workpiece. The considered features of the change in the probability of material removal upon contact of the treated surface with an abrasive tool and the proposed analytical dependences are valid for a wide range of grinding modes, wheel characteristics and a number of other technological factors. The obtained expressions make it possible to find the amount of material removal also for schemes of end, flat and circular external grinding, for which it is necessary to know the amount of removal increment due to brittle fracture during the development of microcracks in the surface layer. One of the ways to determine the magnitude of this increment is to simulate the crack formation process using a computer. The presented results confirm the prospects of the developed approach to simulate the processes of mechanical processing of brittle non-metallic materials.

Method of Investigation of the Stress-Strain State of Surface Layer of Machine Elements from a Sintered Nonuniform Material

2013 ◽  
Vol 486 ◽  
pp. 32-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery V. Kuzin ◽  
Stanislav Grigoriev
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Strain State ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Linear Expansion Coefficient ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Stress Strain State ◽  
Elasticity Problems ◽  
Microstructural Model ◽  
Machine Elements ◽  
Nonuniform Material

A microstructural model of surface layer of machine elements from a nonuniform material is developed. With using of this model a calculation scheme that includes basic structural elements is created. Each element is characterized by the following properties: density, elastic modulus, thermal conductivity, linear expansion coefficient and Poisson's ratio. A mathematical model of surface layer of machine elements from a sintered nonuniform material is formulated on the basis of solution of two-dimensional heat-conduction and elasticity problems by the finite-element method. The created algorithms for solution of these problems are used for formation of an automated system for thermal strength calculations. This system is surrounded with some original techniques which provide the investigation of the stress-strain state of surface layer of machine elements from a sintered nonuniform material.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISCONTINUOUS PROFILE WORKING SURFACES OF ABRASIVE WHEELS FOR PRECISION AND TEMPERATURE WHEN GRINDING

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-125
Author(s):  
Oleksiy Yakimov ◽  
Liubov Bovnegra ◽  
Vladimir Tonkonogyi ◽  
Vladyslav Vaysman ◽  
Victor Strelbitskyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Elastic System ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Abrasive Wheel ◽  
Working Surface

Grinding is the most common finishing method for hardened steel parts. Grinding is accompanied by a large heat release in the cutting area, under the influence of which structural changes appear in the thin surface of the processed parts, tensile stress and even microcracks, which significantly reduce the operational reliability of machines that include these parts. The use of abrasive wheels with an intermittent working surface makes it possible to reduce the temperature in the area of contact of abrasive grains with the material of the workpiece and, as a consequence, stabilize the quality of the surface layer of the workpieces. High-frequency vibrations in the elastic system of the machine, accompanying the work of an intermittent wheel, are a positive factor that reduces the energy consumption of the grinding process. However, under certain conditions of dynamic interaction of the tool with the workpiece, parametric resonance may occur, which worsens the geometric and physical-mechanical parameters of the quality of the surface layer of the processed part. The aim of the work is to realize the possibility of predicting the quality parameters of the surface layer of parts during intermittent grinding by studying the influence of the design features of the macrotopography of the working surface of abrasive wheels and processing modes on the nature of the dynamic interaction of the tool with the workpiece and the heat stress in the cutting area. It was found that the parametric vibrations of the elastic system of the machine tool can be shifted to a more stable area, due to an increase in the number of interruptions of the working surface of the abrasive wheel with a constant ratio of the length of the protrusions and depressions. The increase in the number of breaks on the wheel also contributes to a decrease in temperature in the cutting area. It was found that to maintain the stable operation of the elastic system of the machine, it is necessary to reduce the number of cavities on the grinding wheel with an increase in the cutting speed. However, both of these actions are accompanied by an increase in the heat stress of the grinding process. It has been experimentally established that for ordinary (pendulum) grinding, it is possible to achieve an increase in processing productivity by increasing the speed of the longitudinal movement of the table.

Basics of computer engineering surface layer of polished ceramics

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Kuzin ◽  
S. N. Grigoriev ◽  
M. A. Volosova
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Computer Engineering ◽  
Thermal Strength ◽  
Temperature Stresses ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Vertical Displacements

The basic principles of computer engineering of the surface layer of polished ceramics are given. They are based on two calculation schemes, a mathematical model, algorithms for solving problems of stationary and unsteady thermoelasticity, an automated system of thermal strength calculations and a method for calculating horizontal and vertical displacements, temperature, stresses and stress intensity using the control point method.

scholarly journals Comparing image analysis approaches versus expert readers: the relation of knee radiograph features to knee pain

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1606-1609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Minciullo ◽  
Matthew J Parkes ◽  
David T Felson ◽  
Timothy F Cootes
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Knee Pain ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Automated System ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radiographic Features ◽  
Random Forest Models ◽  
Using Data

ObjectivesThe relationship between radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis and knee pain has been weak. This may be because features that best discriminate knees with pain have not been included in analyses. We tested the correlation between knee pain and radiographic features taking into account both image analysis features and manual scores.MethodsUsing data of the Multicentre Osteoarthritis Study, we tested in a cross-sectional design how well X-ray features discriminated those with frequent knee pain (one question at one time) or consistent frequent knee pain (three questions at three times during the 2 weeks prior to imaging) from those without it. We trained random forest models on features from two radiographic views for classification.ResultsX-rays were better at classifying those with pain using three questions compared with one. When we used all manual radiographic features, the area under the curve (AUC) was 73.9%. Using the best model from automated image analyses or a combination of these and manual grades, no improvement over manual grading was found.ConclusionsX-ray changes of OA are more strongly associated with repeated reports of knee pain than pain reported once. In addition, a fully automated system that assessed features not scored on X-ray performed no better than manual grading of features.

scholarly journals Surface Layer Properties of Low-Alloy High-Speed Steel after Grinding

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-279
Author(s):  
Jan Jaworski ◽  
Tomasz Trzepieciński
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
Grinding Temperature ◽  
Grinding Parameters ◽  
Micro Cracks ◽  
Secondary Austenite ◽  
Grinding Efficiency

AbstractInvestigations of the surface layer characteristics of selected kinds of low-alloy high-speed steel after grinding were carried out. They were carried out on the flat-surface grinder with a 95A24K grinding wheel without cooling. The influence of grinding parameters was defined especially for: the quantity of secondary austenite, surface roughness, microhardness and grinding efficiency with a large range of grinding parameters: grinding depth 0.005–0.035 mm, lengthwise feed 2–6 m/min, without a cross-feed on the whole width of the sample. It was found that improvement of grinding properties of low-alloy high-speed steels is possible by efficient selection of their chemical composition. The value of the grinding efficiency is conditioned by grinding forces, whose value has an impact on the grinding temperature. To ensure high quality of the tool surface layer (i.e. a smaller amount of secondary austenite, lack of wheel burn and micro-cracks) in the case of sharpening of tools made of low-alloy high-speed steel, the grinding temperature should be as low as possible.

Development of an automated system for measuring grinding wheel wear flats

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Lachance ◽  
Andrew Warkentin ◽  
Robert Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Automated System ◽  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
Wheel Wear ◽  
Grinding Wheel Wear

Modeling and Experimental Investigations of the Surface Layer Temperature of Titanium Alloys during AEDG Processing

2015 ◽  
Vol 365 ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Golabczak ◽  
Marcin Golabczak ◽  
Andrzej Konstantynowicz ◽  
Robert Swiecik ◽  
Marcin Galant
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Conventional Grinding ◽  
Titanium Alloy Ti6al4v ◽  
Surface Layer Temperature

Observing the latest manufacturing processes, the following tendencies can be noted: the gain of the energetic efficiency and shortening of the processing time with parallel preservation of the dimensions tolerance, shape tolerance and outer layer quality of the processed workpiece. Also the possibilities of gaining efficiency by rising criteria for process parameters are limited. It is mainly observed in the processing of hard machinable materials like titanium alloys or sintered carbides. Problems related to poor machinability were revealed during the final manufacturing processes using abrasive grinding [1,2]. In this work the results which have been presented are related to the influence by selected electrical parameters of the Abrasive Electrodischarge Grinding (AEDG) on the surface layer temperature of machined samples, in comparison to conventional grinding. Also the change in temperature during the AEDG has been depicted. The basis of this work is similar to the investigations of the deep grinding of surfaces of the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V using CBN and a diamond grinding wheel. For the comparative evaluation of the conventional grinding and AEDG, measurements of the specific grinding energy, energy of the spark discharge and internal stresses in the surface layer have been used.

scholarly journals An Automated Microscopic Malaria Parasite Detection System Using Digital Image Analysis

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
Jung Yoon ◽  
Woong Sik Jang ◽  
Jeonghun Nam ◽  
Do-CiC Mihn ◽  
Chae Seung Lim
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
Parasite Detection ◽  
Conventional Microscopy

Rapid diagnosis and parasitemia measurement is crucial for management of malaria. Microscopic examination of peripheral blood (PB) smears is the gold standard for malaria detection. However, this method is labor-intensive. Here, we aimed to develop a completely automated microscopic system for malaria detection and parasitemia measurement. The automated system comprises a microscope, plastic chip, fluorescent dye, and an image analysis program. Analytical performance was evaluated regarding linearity, precision, and limit of detection and was compared with that of conventional microscopic PB smear examination and flow cytometry. The automated microscopic malaria parasite detection system showed a high degree of linearity for Plasmodium falciparum culture (R2 = 0.958, p = 0.005) and Plasmodium vivax infected samples (R2 = 0.931, p = 0.008). Precision was defined as the %CV of the assay results at each level of parasitemia and the %CV value for our system was lower than that for microscopic examination for all densities of parasitemia. The limit of detection analysis showed 95% probability for parasite detection was 0.00066112%, and a high correlation was observed among all three methods. The sensitivity and specificity of the system was both 100% (n = 21/21) and 100% (n = 50/50), respectively, and the system correctly identified all P. vivax and P. falciparum samples. The automated microscopic malaria parasite detection system offers several advantages over conventional microscopy for rapid diagnosis and parasite density monitoring of malaria.

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