scholarly journals Preliminary study of stress changes evolution on central part of Sumatran Fault influenced by large interplate earthquakes and tectonic stress rates

2021 ◽  
Vol 873 (1) ◽  
pp. 012011
Author(s):  
Muhammad Taufiq Rafie ◽  
Phil R Cummins ◽  
David P Sahara ◽  
Sri Widiyantoro ◽  
Wahyu Triyoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Tectonic Stress ◽  
Stress Rate ◽  
Intraplate Earthquakes ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Sumatran Fault ◽  
Interplate Earthquakes

Abstract The inland seismic activity in Great Sumatran Fault (GSF) has significantly increased over the past several decades after the occurrence of historical large interplate earthquakes along the plate boundary. This condition led to some occurrences of historical intraplate earthquakes along Sumatran fault. To quantitatively examine the physical mechanisms between intraplate earthquakes and interplate earthquakes, we estimated the static coseismic stress changes of Coulomb failure function (ΔCFF) using receiver fault approach from large historical-recorded interplate earthquakes and the increase in tectonic stress rates. We examined this research in the central part of GSF since this zone is assumed to have the most heterogeneous stress field and thus became our focus study area. The cumulative ΔCFF models showed almost all segments in the central part of GSF suffered negative changes (<-0.1 MPa) which assumed to be unlikely to rupture in short time. However, the preliminary analysis of the increase in tectonic stress rate indicated that large intraplate earthquakes occurred on Angkola and Siulak segments were dominantly influenced by the increase in interseismic stress rate just after the series of large subduction earthquake occurrences, apart from the decreased stress changes from those major interplate earthquakes.

scholarly journals Stress Accumulation and Earthquake Activity on the Great Sumatran Fault, Indonesia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Taufiq Rafie ◽  
David P. Sahara ◽  
Phil R. Cummins ◽  
Wahyu Triyoso ◽  
Sri Widiyantoro
Keyword(s):  
Time Evolution ◽  
Slip Rate ◽  
Tectonic Stress ◽  
Coulomb Stress ◽  
Earthquake Activity ◽  
Coulomb Stress Changes ◽  
Megathrust Earthquakes ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Sumatran Fault ◽  
Stress Accumulation

Abstract The seismically active Sumatra subduction zone has generated some of the largest earthquakes in the instrumental record, and both historical accounts and paleogeodetic coral studies indicate such activity has historical recorded megathrust earthquakes and transferred stress to the surrounding, including the Great Sumatran Fault (GSF). Therefore, evaluating the stress transfer from these large subduction earthquakes could delineate the highly stressed area as potential-earthquake region along the GSF. In this study, we investigated eight megathrust earthquakes from 1797 to 2010 and resolved the accumulated Coulomb stress changes onto the 18 segments along the GSF. Additionally, we also estimated the rate of tectonic stress on the GSF segments which experienced large earthquake using the case of: (1) no sliver movement and (2) with sliver movement. Based on the historical stress changes of large earthquakes and the increase in tectonic stress rate, we analysed the historical stress changes time evolution on the GSF. The Coulomb stress accumulation of megathrust earthquakes between 1797-1907 increase the stress changes mainly on the southern part of GSF which followed by four major events between 1890-1943. The estimation of tectonic stress rates using case (1) produces low rate and long recurrence intervals which implies that the megathrust earthquakes plays an important role in allowing the GSF earthquake to occur. When implementing the arc-parallel sliver movement of case (2) to the calculation, the tectonic stress rates is 9 to 58 times higher than case (1) of no sliver movement. The observed slip rate of 15-16 mm/yr at the GSF is consistent with the recurrence interval for full-segment rupture of 100-200 years obtained from case (2). This suggests that the GSF earthquake is more controlled by the rapid arc-parallel forearc sliver motion. Furthermore, the analysis of stress changes time evolution model shows that some segments such as Tripa (North and South), Angkola, Musi and Manna appear to be brought back in their seismic cycles since these segments have experienced full-segment rupture and likely locked, increasing their earthquake hazard potentials.

scholarly journals Return to Exercise After Covid-19: Which One is the Best Strategy?

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-132
Author(s):  
Murat Erdoğan ◽  
Sevgi Sökülmez-Yildirim ◽  
Nasuh Evrim Acar ◽  
Okan Kamiş
Keyword(s):  
Individual Performance ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Special Places ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Short Time ◽  
New Strategies

Summary Coronavirus (Covid-19), which began in China as of 2019 and spread to almost all over the world in a short time; has shown that we need to plan our life with new strategies as well as changing our current lifestyle today. While we must implement new ways to prevent against Covid-19 and maintaining our healthy lives, we must also design new strategies for returning to sports and physical activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to reveal the return strategies for professional and recreational athletes during the quarantine periods in light of evidences. In this regard, firstly we examined the existing literature regarding return strategies to sports. As a result, individual performance and personal hygiene conditions should be considered, and athletic performance should be preserved while keeping a physical distance from teammates and others. The use of masks in sports should be encouraged, but new techniques should be developed by investigating the effect on performance. Consequently, for healthy individuals, low to moderate intensity (not high-intensity) exercise may be beneficial and recommend. However, due to the risk of spreading (person-to-person or contaminated surfaces), exercise is recommended in special places with good ventilation and the use of personal types of equipment.

Detailed statistical analysis of the Gole Larghe Fault Zone fracture network (Italian Southern Alps) improves estimates of the energy budget for intraplate earthquakes in basement rocks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bistacchi ◽  
Silvia Mittempergher ◽  
Steve A.F. Smith ◽  
Giulio Di Toro ◽  
Stefan Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Fault Zone ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Fracture Network ◽  
Tectonic Stress ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Intraplate Earthquakes ◽  
Detailed Statistical Analysis ◽  
Distribution Studies ◽  
Fracture Distribution ◽  
Host Rocks

&lt;p&gt;We present a study on the paleoseismic Gole Larghe Fault Zone (GLFZ), composed of hundreds of sub-parallel faults hosted in tonalites of the Adamello Massif (Italian Southern Alps), where we collected a complete transect across the fault zone, including the background host rocks, over a thickness of &gt;1km.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Along this transect, we studied the correlation between fracture spacing (for &amp;#8220;fracture&amp;#8221; here we mean joints, veins, faults, shear fractures, and all other brittle structures) and position with a robust non-parametric approach. This analysis, new for fracture distribution studies, allows detecting volumes of the fault zone with clustering or a trend in spacing, versus volumes where the spatial distribution is stationary. The analysis reveals that the GLFZ can be subdivided in &amp;#8220;stationary volumes&amp;#8221; where fractures shows stationary statistical properties. Each one of these volumes can be completely characterized with scanline and/or scanarea surveys to obtain a complete and statistically sound estimate of all fracture parameters (spacing, intensity, density, length, height, orientation, topology, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Within the GLFZ we have two main classes of structures: (i) &amp;#8220;master&amp;#8221; faults that are sub-parallel to the fault zone and are always characterized by pseudotachylytes and/or cataclasites, and (ii) minor &amp;#8220;fractures&amp;#8221; (e.g. Riedel fractures, joints, veins, etc.) that are oblique to the fault zone and interconnect the former. Out of the GLFZ we observe a background fracturing that is associated to the cooling of the Adamello tonalites under deviatoric tectonic stress (&amp;#8220;cooling joints&amp;#8221;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;By comparing fracture statistics within and outside the fault zone, we demonstrated that master faults within the GLFZ were almost completely inherited from the &amp;#8220;cooling joints&amp;#8221; of the host rocks. The cooling joints just grew in length and became completely interconnected at the scale of the seismic rupture. This means that, at least in the case of the GLFZ, the large faults and fractures along which seismic ruptures were running do not add significantly to the earthquake energy budget, because they were already present in the system before the onset of seismic activity. The only fractures to be considered in this budget are the minor interconnecting fractures (e.g. Riedel fractures, joints, veins, etc.) that are coated with pseudotachylytes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;These observations confirm once again the classical assumption that seismic ruptures propagate along pre-existing discontinuities and do not, in general, tend to fracture intact rocks.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals I.—On the Discovery of a Species of Iguanodon in the Kimmeridge Clay near Oxford; and a Notice of a very Fossiliferous Band of the Shotover Sands

1879 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 193-195
Author(s):  
Prestwich
Keyword(s):  
Small Fragment ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Made In

An interesting discovery has just been made in this district. A short time since some workmen from Cumnor brought to the Museum a basketful of bones which they said they had found in digging the clay at the brick works, now in course of large extension, at Cumnor Hurst, three miles west of Oxford. On cleaning the specimens, the characteristic vertebræ and teeth of Iguanodon were recognized. A large number of the vertebræ are entire, but the jaw is in fragments, with many teeth, however, in position. The skull is wanting, except a small fragment. One of the feet, with the claws, is almost complete. The larger bones are almost all broken, buty we hope to be able to reunite many of the fragments, as there is reason to belive that the skeleton was entire or nearly so. The smaller bones and the extremities of the larger bones are in a beautiful state of preservation. It is a smaller animal than the Wealden Iguanodon Mantelli, but whether owing to age or difference of species remains to be determined. It seems to be indicate a different species, with smaller and more delicately-formed bones.

scholarly journals Stratigraphy of the Eocene–Oligocene Titus Canyon Formation, Death Valley, California, and Eocene extensional tectonism in the Basin and Range

Geosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolas Midttun ◽  
Nathan A. Niemi ◽  
Bianca Gallina
Keyword(s):  
Detrital Zircon ◽  
Convergence Rates ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Basin And Range ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Death Valley ◽  
Central Basin ◽  
Geologic Mapping ◽  
Extensional Basin ◽  
Stress Changes

Geologic mapping, measured sections, and geochronologic data elucidate the tectono-stratigraphic development of the Titus Canyon extensional basin in Death Valley, California, and provide new constraints on the age of the Titus Canyon Formation, one of the earliest syn-extensional deposits in the central Basin and Range. Detrital zircon maximum depositional ages (MDAs) and compiled 40Ar/39Ar ages indicate that the Titus Canyon Formation spans 40(?)–30 Ma, consistent with an inferred Duchesnean age for a unique assemblage of mammalian fossils in the lower part of the formation. The Titus Canyon Formation preserves a shift in depositional environment from fluvial to lacustrine at ca. 35 Ma, which along with a change in detrital zircon provenance may reflect both the onset of local extensional tectonism and climatic changes at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary. Our data establish the Titus Canyon basin as the southernmost basin in a system of late Eocene extensional basins that formed along the axis of the Sevier orogenic belt. The distribution of lacustrine deposits in these Eocene basins defines the extent of a low-relief orogenic plateau (Nevadaplano) that occupied eastern Nevada at least through Eocene time. As such, the age and character of Titus Canyon Formation implies that the Nevadaplano extended into the central Basin and Range, ~200 km farther south than previously recognized. Development of the Titus Canyon extensional basin precedes local Farallon slab removal by ca. 20 Ma, implying that other mechanisms, such as plate boundary stress changes due to decreased convergence rates in Eocene time, are a more likely trigger for early extension in the central Basin and Range.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the extremely elongated cloud on Mars Arsia Mons volcano

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Hernandez Bernal ◽  
Agustín Sánchez-Lavega ◽  
Teresa del Río-Gaztelurrutia ◽  
Ricardo Hueso ◽  
Iñaki Ordóñez-Etxeberria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Martian Atmosphere ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Western Slope ◽  
Global State ◽  
Local Surface ◽  
Daily Cycle ◽  
Solar Time ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Local Cloud

&lt;p&gt;Starting in September 2018, a daily repeating extremely elongated cloud was observed extending from the Mars Arsia Mons volcano. We study this Arsia Mons Elongated Cloud (AMEC) using images from VMC, HRSC, and OMEGA on board Mars Express, IUVS on MAVEN, and MARCI on MRO. We study the daily cycle of this cloud, showing how the morphology and other parameters of the cloud evolved with local time. The cloud expands every morning from the western slope of the volcano, at a westward velocity of around 150m/s, and an altitude of around 30-40km over the local surface. Starting around 2.5 hours after sunrise (8.2 Local True Solar Time, LTST), the formation of the cloud resumes, and the existing cloud keeps moving westward, so it detaches from the volcano, until it evaporates in the following hours. At this time, the cloud has expanded to a length of around 1500km. Short time later, a new local cloud appears on the western slope of the volcano, starting around 9.5 LTST, and grows during the morning.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This daily cycle repeated regularly for at least 90 sols in 2018, around Southern Solstice (Ls 240-300) in Martian Year (MY) 34. According with these and previous &amp;#160;MEx/VMC observations, this elongated cloud is a seasonal phenomenon occurring around Southern Solstice every Martian Year. We study the interannual variability of this cloud, the influence of the Global Dust Storms in 2018 on the cloud&amp;#8217;s properties (S&amp;#225;nchez-Lavega et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 2019), and its validity as a proxy for the global state of the Martian atmosphere (S&amp;#225;nchez-Lavega et al., J. Geophys. Res., 123, 3020, 2018). We discuss the physical mechanisms behind the formation of this peculiar cloud in Mars.&lt;/p&gt;

Coseismic Displacements and Surface Fractures from Sentinel-1 InSAR: 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquakes

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 1979-1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Xu ◽  
David T. Sandwell ◽  
Bridget Smith-Konter
Keyword(s):  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Tectonic Stress ◽  
Coseismic Slip ◽  
Phase Gradient ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
High Pass ◽  
East West

Abstract Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar is an important tool for imaging surface deformation from large continental earthquakes. Here, we present maps of coseismic displacement and strain from the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes using multiple Sentinel-1 images. We provide three types of interferometric products. (1) Standard interferograms from two look directions provide an overview of the deformation and can be used for modeling coseismic slip. (2) Phase gradient maps from stacks of coseismic interferograms provide high-resolution (∼30  m) images of strain concentration and surface fracturing that can be used to guide field surveys. (3) High-pass filtered, stacked, unwrapped phase is decomposed into east–west and up–down, south–north components and is used to determine the sense of fault slip. The resulting phase gradient maps reveal over 300 surface fractures, including triggered slip on the Garlock fault. The east–west component of high-pass filtered phase reveals the polarity of the strike-slip offset (right lateral or left lateral) for many of the fractures. We find a small number of fractures that have slip polarity that is retrograde to the background tectonic stress. This is similar to observations of retrograde slip observed near the 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine rupture, but the Ridgecrest observations are more completely imaged by the frequent and high-quality acquisitions from the twin Sentinel-1 spacecrafts. Determining whether the retrograde features are triggered slip on existing faults, or compliant fault deformation in response to stress changes from the Ridgecrest earthquakes, or new Coulomb-style failures, will require additional field work, modeling, and analysis.

ANALISIS TINGKAT PENGARUH ELEVATOR SPEECH-OFFICIAL MOVIE TRAILER DAN BRAND AWARENESS RUMAH PRODUKSI (PH) TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN MOVIEGOERS (STUDI KASUS : FILM MAN OF STEEL – WARNER BROS PICTURES DAN IRON MAN 3 – WALT DISNEY STUDIO MOTION PICTURES

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Christian ◽  
Howard Sarmento Giam ◽  
Amelia Suryani
Keyword(s):  
Motion Pictures ◽  
Brand Awareness ◽  
Entertainment Industry ◽  
Sound Effect ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Walt Disney ◽  
Production House ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Short Times

<p>For almost all sales men, the strategy of time becomes the main key of selling effectiveness. Having appointment in a product’s presentation is oftenly measured by a very short times to deliver. In many cases, delivering the detail of products must be done at a sudden spot and extremely short time where he/she does not imagine before. This needs skill of designing the points of products and how to execute well in order to get the best memorable experience. Entertainment industry especially movie has a very unique on its competition. The development of technology totally delivers big change on how to produce a good film. In recent years, the capability of actor or actress is not the main consideration. We can find many brilliant of them have contributed playing the script however it’s not in line with the moviegers’ responses or the revenue itself. The interest of moviegoers on film sometimes can be seen by various factors. Sound effect, animation technology, pictures editing, original soundtrack, trailers, towards to the name of production house, are numbers of x-factors affecting the moviegoers.</p><p>This paper intends to describe how the elevator speech-official movie trailer affects the moviegoers. Further this paper also intends to describe how the big production house affects the moviegoers. The analysis is measured by the regression which comes from one hundred respondent involved. The instrument used to collect data is by questionnaire. Most of respondents have the same response that almost all of the indicators have big effects for them.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords- Elevator Speech, Brand Awareness, Buying Decision</p>

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