scholarly journals Diversity of fungi in decomposition process the Avicennia marina leaf litter at various level of salinity

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 (1) ◽  
pp. 012063
Author(s):  
Yunasfi ◽  
Derita ◽  
Ipanna Enggar Susetya ◽  
Rusdi Leidonald
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Litter Bags ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Factors Affecting

Abstract Factors affecting the rate of the decomposition are animals and microorganisms such as worms, snails, bacteria, fungi etc. as well as environmental conditions, such as type of soil, pH and salinity of water, etc. This research was conducted at the Deli Belawan River and Forest Cultivation Laboratory, Medan, North Sumatra Sumatera. A study was undertaken to find out the effect of the salinity on : the number of species, the population, the species diversity and the frequency of colonization of the different species of fungi during the process of the composition of the A. marina leaf litter decomposition. The leaf litter of A. marina to be put in a litter bag that is 50 g and it’s 33 litter bags for each level of salinity totally. The level of salinity to be used such as < 10, 10 – 20, 20 – 30 and > 30 ppt. The time series to collect data were 0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, and 165 days. The leaf litter of A. marina in a litter bag was taken from each salinity level that was three bags for each time. It was used for isolation and identification of the fungi. There were 21 fungal species isolated from the A. marina leaf litter before being decomposed and from those decomposed at < 10, 10 – 20, 20 – 30 and > 30 ppt. The highest population was found in the leaf litter before being decomposed with an average of 1.6 × 103 cfu/ml. The Species Diversity Indices of the fungi isolated from the leaf litter at < 10, 10 – 20, 20 – 30, and > 30 ppt were 1.96, 1.86, 1.75 and 1,50. The frequency of the fungal colonization ranged from 9.1 to 100 %.

scholarly journals Species Diversity Induces Idiosyncratic Effects on Litter Decomposition in a Degraded Meadow Steppe

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iqra Naeem ◽  
Talal Asif ◽  
Xuefeng Wu ◽  
Nazim Hassan ◽  
Liu Yiming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Leymus Chinensis ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Litter Bags ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Decomposition Dynamics ◽  
Litter Mixing

Litter decomposition is a fundamental path for nutrient cycling in a natural ecosystem. However, it remains unclear how species diversity, including richness and evenness, affects the decomposition dynamics in the context of grassland degradation. Using a litter bag technique, we investigated the litter-mixing effects of two coexisting dominant species (Leymus chinensis Lc and Phragmites australis Pa), as monocultures and mixtures with evenness (Lc:Pa) from M1 (30:70%), M2 (50:50%), and M3 (70:30%), on decomposition processes over time (60 and 365 days). The litter bags were placed on the soil surface along a degradation gradient [near pristine (NP), lightly degraded (LD), and highly degraded (HD)]. We found that 1) mass loss in mixture compositions was significantly and positively correlated with initial nitrogen (N) and cellulose contents; 2) litter mixing (richness and evenness) influenced decomposition dynamics individually and in interaction with the incubation days and the degradation gradients; 3) in a general linear model (GLM), nonadditive antagonistic effects were more prominent than additive or neutral effects in final litter and nutrients except for carbon (C); and 4) in nutrients (C, N, lignin) and C/N ratio, additive effects shifted to nonadditive with incubation time. We speculated that the occurrence of nonadditive positive or negative effects varied with litter and nutrients mass remaining in each degraded gradient under the mechanism of initial litter quality of monoculture species, soil properties of experimental sites, and incubation time. Our study has important implications for grassland improvement and protection by considering species biodiversity richness, as well as species evenness.

scholarly journals Diversity and distribution of microfungi in foliage leaf, bark and leaf litter of Couroupita guianensis

2020 ◽  
pp. 211-215
Author(s):  
G. Venkatesan ◽  
P. S. Sharavanan
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Species Assemblages ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Couroupita Guianensis ◽  
Colonization Frequency ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Fungal Assemblages

The diversity and distribution of micro fungal assemblages in the foliage leaf, bark and leaf litter tissues of the Couroupita guianensis sacred plant. For the host, we recorded 1005 fungal species isolates from 900 tissue segments. A total of 62 fungal species were isolated from foliar endophytes, phellophytes and leaf litter. The colonization frequency of the fungi species has been recorded as 111.66% from the endophytes, phellophytes and leaf tissues. The fungi species recovered in various groups included ascomycetes, coelomycetes, hyphomycetes, zygomycetes and sterile fungi. The number of fungal species is increased for the plant tissues, it showed that the species diversity is increasing. A correspondence analysis also showed that the fungal species assemblages were different from each type of tissue.

Fungal colonization of immersed wood in mangroves of the southwest coast of India

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 1409-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
G L Maria ◽  
K R Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Litter Bags ◽  
Core Group ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mangrove Tree ◽  
Group Frequency ◽  
Avicennia Officinalis ◽  
Terrestrial Fungi

Patterns of fungal colonization during in situ decomposition of woody substrata of two mangrove tree species (Avicennia officinalis L. and Rhizophora mucronata Lamk.) were studied in the Udyavara mangrove forest in the west coast of India. Wood pieces detached from the terrestrial parts of trees were packed in litter bags and introduced into the mangrove habitat at low tide. Samples were retrieved at different intervals for up to 18 months. They were scanned for fungi following incubation in the laboratory for up to 6 months on a sand bath with sterile mangrove water collected on each sampling date. Temperature, pH, oxygen, and salinity of water were assessed at each sampling date to relate to the colonization of fungi on wood. Forty-five species of fungi comprising 20 ascomycetes and 25 anamor phic taxa were recovered. Aigialus mangrovei Borse, Cirrenalia pygmea Kohlm., Cirrenalia tropicalis Kohlm., Lignin cola laevis Höhnk, Lulworthia sp., Savoryella paucispora (Crib et J.W. Cribb) J. Koch, Tirispora sp., Trichocladium achrasporum (Meyers et R.T. Moore) Dixon, and Verruculina enalia (Kohlm.) Kohlm. et Volkm.-Kohlm. were the core group (frequency of occurrence, ≥10%) Avicennia officinalis wood. Aigialus mangrovei, Ascosalsum cincin natulum (Shearer et J.L. Crane) J. Campb., J.L. Anderson et Shearer, Cirrenalia pygmea, Cirrenalia tropicalis, Lul worthia grandispora Meyers, Tirispora sp., and Verruculina enalia were the core group on R. mucronata wood. On both wood types, distinct peaks were seen in richness, diversity, and core-group fungi after 2, 10, and 14 months of immersion. Avicennia officinalis yielded a higher number of fungi in most of the samples than did R. mucronata. Within 2 months, typical marine fungi replaced the terrestrial fungi on the wood because of increased salinity. The number of fungi recorded in the month of August (monsoon season) was highest. Most of the additional fungi were terrestrial fungi that colonized the wood because of a decline in salinity. The pattern of fungal colonization with respect to early, late, and persistent colonizers was similar in both types of wood. Instead of differing in fungal species, the frequency of colonization of fungi differed on Avicennia officinalis and R. mucronata wood, which indicates substrate recurrence rather than specificity.Key words: colonization, diversity, filamentous fungi, mangroves, seasonal occurrence, woody litter.

scholarly journals The impact of eucalypt on the leaf-associated aquatic hyphomycetes in Spanish streams

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 880-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Chauvet ◽  
Eric Fabre ◽  
Arturo Elósegui ◽  
Jesús Pozo
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aquatic Hyphomycetes ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Conidial Production ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Leaf Species

Aquatic hyphomycete assemblages on decomposing leaf litter of the exotic species Eucalyptus globulus Labill. were compared with those on the native riparian species Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. in three low-order streams of the Agüera watershed (Basque Country – Cantabria, Spain). These streams contrast by the importance of eucalypt in the riparian vegetation and by the nutrient contents in the water. Neither the total conidial production nor the number of fungal species differed between the two leaf species in any of the streams. Fungal colonization of eucalypt leaves appeared to be delayed by about 2 weeks, probably owing to their high content in inhibitory constituents. While Flagellospora curvula Ingold largely dominated pioneer assemblages on both leaf species, the second most important species, Lunulospora curvula Ingold, exhibited a preference for eucalypt. In the stream surrounded by eucalypt, the fungal diversity was surprisingly lower on eucalypt than on alder. In the stream with higher orthophosphate concentrations, the conidial production was similarly increased on both leaf species. The present data together with recent results from a similar investigation in Portugal suggest a minor impact of eucalypt on the activity and diversity of aquatic hyphomycete leaf-associated assemblages in southern European streams. Key words: aquatic hyphomycetes, eucalypt, alder, leaf litter, stream.

scholarly journals From Litterfall to Breakdown in Streams: A Review

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 656-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Abelho
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Allochthonous Organic Matter ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Breakdown Rates ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Leaf Species ◽  
Organic Matter Breakdown

This paper is a review of recent (≤10 years) information on litterfall, standing stock of benthic organic matter, breakdown rates, and fungal colonization of organic matter in streams. In some cases, recent research reinforces the findings of classic reference papers. In other cases, the additional knowledge provided by recent research introduces a higher variation in the processes analyzed. In many aspects, especially those concerning stream organic matter, the review is biased towards the temperate North American streams, reflecting the fact that most research was carried out there. However, during the 1990s European studies increased enormously, especially those related with instream processes, such as leaf litter decomposition. The first part of this review analyzes the origin of allochthonous organic matter to streams (litterfall, retention, and storage), and it provides data on the amounts estimated in different streams and on the methodology used in the studies. The second part analyzes the fate of detritus in streams: mechanisms of leaf breakdown, relative importance of fungi and bacteria, factors affecting the activity of microbial decomposers, and chemical changes of leaf litter during decomposition. A list of breakdown rates of several different leaf species is given, together with the methodology used, and the main characteristics of the incubation streams.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF BIODIVERSITY OF NECTAR-BEARING RESOURCES IN THE STRUCTURE OF BIRCH FORESTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Irina Samsonova ◽  
Van Do ◽  
Thi Nguen ◽  
Petr Sidarenko Petr
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Birch Forests

The Northwest region of Russia has a rich forage base for bees. Due to unstable weather conditions, the use of natural honey resources is complicated. The aim of the research was to determine the dynamics of biodiversity of nectar-bearing resources in the structure of birch forests. Registration sites in the birch forests of blueberry, myrtillus and myrtillus grass and under the canopy of the forest stand and at the forest edges of the Kirov Educational Experimental and Kirish Forestries of the Leningrad Region have been laid for accounting. Circular reference plots with an area of 10 m2 and a radius of 178.5 cm were used when accounting for the vegetation of the lower tier. When calculating species diversity indices, species richness indices used in biocenological studies were used. The research results have showed that the factors affecting the species composition of honey plants are the light regime under the stand canopy and biological characteristics of honey plants. The composition and number of species depends on the type of forest. According to Simpson and Margalef, grass birch is distinguished by the species diversity and richness of species. Sorrel birch forest is distinguished by the best forest ecosystem with honey species. When comparing the Sørensen coefficient for sorrel birch and grass birch, it does not exceed 0.5, which indicates the similarity of species in the experimental plots. 200 the Jacquard similarity index indicates that 25-50 % of species in the forest phytocenoses of birch forests are the same. The magnitude of the variegation of living ground cover is high in the forest edge and low in myrtillus birch wood. Thus, the species composition of the melliferous flora of the studied forest types is variable in its structure and composition

scholarly journals Leaf Litter Decomposition of Two Central Himalayan Oaks

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirtika Padalia ◽  
Rajendra Parihaar ◽  
Nidhi Bhakuni ◽  
Bhawana Kapkoti
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Rate Coefficient ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Litter Bags ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Quercus Floribunda ◽  
Quercus Leucotrichophora

The study was conducted in two natural oak forest of Nainital (Uttarakhand) India, during 2012-2013 to determine the weight loss pattern in leaf litter of two Central Himalayan Oaks (i.e., Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus. and Quercus floribunda Lindl.) with the help of litter bag technique. The present study concluded that weight loss proceeded throughout the study period and relatively higher within 60 days after the placement of litter bags into the soil. Among these two species, higher weight loss observed in Q. floribunda as compared to Q. leucotrichophora across both the sites. Within 365 days, average weight loss observed about 60% in Q. leucotrichophora and 62% in Q. floribunda. Decay rate coefficient rate ranged from 0.0596- 0.0014 for Q. leucotrichophora while it varies from 0.0558 to 0.0013 for Q. floribunda. The monthly relative decomposition rate (RDR) ranged between 0.0598-0.0014 g/g/day and 0.0208-0.0050 g/g/day for Q. leucotrichophora and Q. floribunda, respectively. Climatic factors (rainfall, temperature and relative humidity) also influenced the rate of decomposition.

Litter Fall and Decompostion in a Mangrove Stand, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., in Middle Harbour, Sydney

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
PFE Goulter ◽  
WG Allaway
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Litter Layer ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Estuarine Ecosystem ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Leaf Material ◽  
Litter Bag Experiment

Leaf and other litter falling in a mangrove woodland was estimated by litter trapping for 13 months. Mean annual litter fall was 5.8 t ha-1 year-1 (dry matter) of which 79% was leaf material. Largest fortnightly collections of litter were found in the summer months, and little litter fell in winter. Data suggested that mangrove litter is rapidly incorporated into the rest of the estuarine ecosystem: the leaf litter layer in the swamp was estimated on two occasions (about 9 g m-2 in winter and about 62 g m-2 in summer, dry leaf material) and a litter-bag experiment gave a leaf decomposition half- time of about 8 weeks.

Incidence and molecular characterization of fungi and yeast isolated from cultured catfish and Nile tilapia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Ola Hashem ◽  
Viola Zaki ◽  
Rawia Adawy
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Objective: To study the incidence and seasonal dynamics of different fungi affected freshwater fishes in Lake Manzala with molecular identification of the isolated fungi. Animals: 300 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 300 catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Design: Descriptive study. Procedures: Random samples of Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) and Clarias gariepinus (C. gariepinus) were collected from Manzala fish farms. Clinical and postmortem examination of fish was applied. Isolation and identification of different fungi were performed by conventional methods. Furthermore, the molecular characterization of isolated fungi was carried out. Results: C. gariepinus had a higher rate of infection with different fungal species than O. niloticus. Aspergillus spp. (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus) were the most fungal isolated from the examined fishes, followed by Penicillium spp. and Candida albicans. Aspergillus spp were detected in all seasons with a higher rate in summer and spring. A. flavus, A. niger, Penicillium spp. and C.albicans isolates were amplified from both C. gariepinus and O. niloticus at the specified molecular weight using PCR. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Fungal infection affected the fish showing different external and internal lesions, all species of Aspergillus were found in all seasons with a high rate in, hot seasons, summer and spring. The Prevalence of Penicillium and C. albicans were also reported. All fungal isolates were identified on the phenotypic and molecular bases.

Ants accelerate litter decomposition in a Costa Rican lowland tropical rain forest

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 437-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrence P. McGlynn ◽  
Evan K. Poirson
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Tropical Rain Forests ◽  
Rain Forests ◽  
Food Web Structure ◽  
Litter Bags ◽  
Lowland Rain Forest

Abstract:The decomposition of leaf litter is governed, in part, by litter invertebrates. In tropical rain forests, ants are dominant predators in the leaf litter and may alter litter decomposition through the action of a top-down control of food web structure. The role of ants in litter decomposition was investigated in a Costa Rican lowland rain forest with two experiments. In a mesocosm experiment, we manipulated ant presence in 50 ambient leaf-litter mesocosms. In a litterbag gradient experiment, Cecropia obtusifolia litter was used to measure decomposition rate constants across gradients in nutrients, ant density and richness, with 27 separate litterbag treatments for total arthropod exclusion or partial arthropod exclusion. After 2 mo, mass loss in mesocosms containing ants was 30.9%, significantly greater than the 23.5% mass loss in mesocosms without ants. In the litter bags with all arthropods excluded, decomposition was best accounted by the carbon: phosphorus content of soil (r2 = 0.41). In litter bags permitting smaller arthropods but excluding ants, decomposition was best explained by the local biomass of ants in the vicinity of the litter bags (r2 = 0.50). Once the microarthropod prey of ants are permitted to enter litterbags, the biomass of ants near the litterbags overtakes soil chemistry as the regulator of decomposition. In concert, these results support a working hypothesis that litter-dwelling ants are responsible for accelerating litter decomposition in lowland tropical rain forests.

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