scholarly journals Coarse root distribution of Vatica pauciflora (Korth.) Blume in different soil slopes as revealed by root detector

2021 ◽  
Vol 918 (1) ◽  
pp. 012046
Author(s):  
M M Rahman ◽  
U Adzkia ◽  
A N Rachmadiyanto ◽  
F G Dwiyanti ◽  
D Nandika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Distribution ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Acoustic Method ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Coarse Root ◽  
Soil Slopes

Abstract Tree roots have an essential role in absorbing water and nutrients from the soil and supporting tree stability. As an anchor for the tree, the environment can significantly affect root structure but it is rarely investigated due to below ground distribution. The study was aimed to determine the distribution of coarse roots of Vatica trees (Vatica pauciflora) which grows in different soil slopes. Six mature Vatica trees at Bogor Botanical Garden were selected in this study. Root detector as the main tool based on acoustic method was used to evaluate the root distribution. Analysis photogrammetry was carried out to complement the root detector results. The results found that the root detector only can evaluate the radial distribution of coarse root, while root distribution on downward soil cannot be detected. The condition of the site with different slope categories (e.g., flat to steep) affected root distribution patterns. A study on root distribution was useful to assist the evaluation of tree stability and to support arboriculture study.

scholarly journals Hydrological Analysis of Basin Behaviour from Soil Moisture Data

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotta Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Unsaturated Flow ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Probe Field ◽  
Soil Moisture Dynamics ◽  
Soil Moisture Accounting ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Moisture Dynamics

Soil moisture dynamics in the Velen drainage basin (Sweden) were analyzed in order to assess the degree of and the reasons for spatial variation in basin behaviour. The main tool was a modified version of the soil moisture accounting routine in the conceptual runoff model HBV, optimized against neutron probe field data. Simulated soil moisture dynamics, interception and percolation rates agreed well with measurements and other calculations. Integration of simulated evapotranspiration from sites with different characteristics agreed well with water balance computations for the area. It was shown that unsaturated flow through macropores probably occurred after heavy rainstorms. During spring, evapotranspiration was limited to values below the potential (Penmans equation) even at times when no soil moisture deficit existed. Soil moisture differences between forest and grassland (including a deforested site) were, during summer, mainly attributed to differences in the root distribution with depth. The effect of interception on the total evapotranspiration rates was only significant during periods when transpiration demands were low. Soil moisture differences between forest sites were mainly attributed to topography but variations in soil characteristics and root distribution had to be considered, especially during dry periods.

Belowground to aboveground biomass ratio and vertical root distribution responses of mature Pinus radiata stands to phosphorus fertilization at planting

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1883-1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayalsew Zerihun ◽  
Kelvin D Montagu
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Vertical Root Distribution ◽  
Allometric Relations ◽  
P Supply

We compared the belowground biomass (BGB)/aboveground biomass (AGB) ratio and the vertical root distribution of 40-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don fertilized with 0 or 90 kg P·ha–1 at planting. Root biomass was determined by a combination of coring (fine roots, ϕ < 2 mm; small roots, 2 ≤ ϕ < 15 mm) and excavation (coarse roots, ϕ ≥ 5 mm). Stand-level AGB and coarse root biomass (CRB) were estimated with the use of allometric relations. After 40 years, AGB and CRB of P-fertilized trees were 4.5 times those of unfertilized trees, indicating that CRB scaled isometrically with AGB independently of P supply. By contrast, P fertilization increased the fine and small root biomass (FSRB) pool by only 50%. As a result, the scaling of FSRB to AGB was dependent on P supply. The differential response of the FSRB to P fertilization caused the overall BGB/AGB ratio to decrease from 0.29 in control plots to 0.20 in P-fertilized plots. Phosphorus fertilization also altered the vertical distribution of fine root biomass (FRB). For example, the proportion of FRB in the top 15 cm increased from 41% to 52% with P fertilization. Collectively, the results showed that P added early in the growth phase had a persistent effect on the BGB/AGB ratio in P. radiata. This was primarily brought about by altered biomass partitioning to the nutrient-acquiring FSRB pool.

Respiration and C dynamics in Poplar roots

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boaz Hilman ◽  
Jan Muhr ◽  
Juliane Helm ◽  
Iris Kuhlmann ◽  
Susan Trumbore
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
June July ◽  
Stem Girdling

&lt;p&gt;Large amounts of C are allocated to tree roots, but little is known about the age and dynamics of their non-structural C (NSC). We measured bomb-radiocarbon (&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C) in respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, non-structural (mainly sugars), and structural (cellulose) C in roots. The steady decline of &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C in atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; since the 1960s indicates the mean time elapsed since the C in these pools was fixed. We measured coarse (&gt;2 mm, mean 2.91 mm) and fine (&lt;2 mm) roots from 12 German poplar trees sampled before and after girdling of 6 of the trees. All samples were taken in 2018, an exceptionally dry summer in Europe. The mean &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C &amp;#177;SD of root-respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (4.1 &amp;#177; 3.6 &amp;#8240;) in June-July was equal to current atmospheric &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (1.2 &amp;#8240;), irrespective of the mean age of root cellulose. During extended incubations, the &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C of root-respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; increased to ~10 &amp;#8240; 8 days after harvesting and up to 42 &amp;#8240; 17 days after harvesting. The mean &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C of soluble sugars in the roots was ~21&amp;#160;&amp;#8240;. In September-October, almost three months after girdling, roots from girdled trees respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; with &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C of 7.9 &amp;#177;&amp;#160;6.6&amp;#160;&amp;#8240; vs. 2.3 &amp;#177;&amp;#160;6.1&amp;#160;&amp;#8240; in the ungirdled control trees. However, in both groups the respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&amp;#173;&lt;/sub&gt;-&amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C correlated with cellulose-&amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.37, 0.26 for girdled and control trees, respectively), suggesting that roots respired more stored C in the later growing season in this drought year, independent of treatment. The &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C values of soluble sugars were correlated with the &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C values of the cellulose (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.83). On average, C in sugars was fixed more recently than cellulose, suggesting mixing of young C from other parts of the tree into the roots. Stem girdling did not affect the &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C of soluble sugars. Average total sugar concentrations (sucrose+ glucose+ fructose) were ~42 mg g&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;and did not vary with sampling date, root class or treatment. Starch, measured only in September-October, was higher in coarse than in fine roots (12 vs. 3.8 mg g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;). Respiratory loss of C was higher in the fine roots (~4 mgC g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; day&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) than coarse roots (~2.4 mgC g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; day&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;), with no effect of girdling or sampling month. When normalize (expressed per gram dry root material), the NSC reservoirs and C loss rates suggest C turnover rates are 2-fold higher in fine roots than in coarse roots. The extended incubations indicate that detached roots are able to quickly utilize stored NSC, as indicated by the sharp &amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; increase. In comparison, stem girdling had no measurable effect on respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-&amp;#916;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C, suggesting internal re-allocation of C from the lower stem base or large roots to smaller roots, and/or lower than expected metabolic consumption of C in reaction to girdling or because of the exceptional drought.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Carbon flux to woody tissues in a beech/spruce forest during summer and in response to chronic O<sub>3</sub> exposure

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 3127-3138 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ritter ◽  
C. P. Andersen ◽  
R. Matyssek ◽  
T. E. E. Grams
Keyword(s):  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Coarse Root ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Stem Co2 Efflux ◽  
Turn Over

Abstract. The present study compares the dynamics in carbon (C) allocation of adult deciduous beech (Fagus sylvatica) and evergreen spruce (Picea abies) during summer and in response to seven-year-long exposure with twice-ambient ozone (O3) concentrations (2 × O3). Focus was on the respiratory turn-over and translocation of recent photosynthates at various positions along the stems, coarse roots and soils. The hypotheses tested were that (1) 2 × O3 decreases the allocation of recent photosynthates to CO2 efflux of stems and coarse roots of adult trees, and that (2) according to their different O3 sensitivities this effect is stronger in beech than in spruce. Labeling of whole tree canopies was applied by releasing 13C depleted CO2 (δ13C of −46.9‰) using a free-air stable carbon isotope approach. Canopy air δ13C was reduced for about 2.5 weeks by ca. 8‰ in beech and 6‰ in spruce while the increase in CO2 concentration was limited to about 110 μl l−1 and 80 μl l−1, respectively. At the end of the labeling period, δ13C of stem CO2 efflux and phloem sugars was reduced to a similar extend by ca. 3–4‰ (beech) and ca. 2–3‰ (spruce). The fraction of labeled C (fE,new) in stem CO2 efflux amounted to 0.3 to 0.4, indicating slow C turnover of the respiratory supply system in both species. Elevated O3 slightly stimulated the allocation of recently fixed photosynthates to stem and coarse root respiration in spruce (rejection of hypothesis I for spruce), but resulted in a significant reduction in C flux in beech (acceptance of hypotheses I and II). The distinct decrease in C allocation to beech stems indicates the potential of chronic O3 stress to substantially mitigate the C sink strength of trees on the long-term scale.

scholarly journals (120) Comparison of Techniques for Whole Plant Sampling in Grape

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1068C-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suphasuk Pradubsuk ◽  
Joan R. Davenport ◽  
Robert G. Stevens ◽  
Eileen M. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Coarse Root ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning ◽  
Soil Volume ◽  
Plant Sampling

Collection and estimation of root material are likely some of the greatest challenges of whole-plant sampling. As with other perennial crops, season of sample collection is also a challenge in grape whole-plant sampling. Our interest is in collecting grape whole-plant samples from an established (>25-year-old) vineyard to study plant nutrient partitioning. Before launching into routine sampling, two techniques were compared for very fine, fine, and coarse root distribution. For very fine and fine root sampling, soil cores were collected in a radial pattern around the vine trunk at eight sample points, each either 20, 60, 120 cm from the trunk or 50, 100, and 150 cm from the trunk. Roots were washed from the soil material, separated into fractions and weighed. For evaluation of techniques for sampling fine and coarse roots, roots were either excavated by tracing them from the trunk in about a 1-m3 soil volume or by extracting about the same soil volume using a backhoe and shaking the soil free of the roots. Overall, the more narrow soil core sampling gave a greater total root mass and both the tracing and backhoe methods gave similar results. In addition, pruning weight measurement is also frequently measured in grape research. We compared using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) device, the “Greenseeker”™, with pruning mass to determine if this device could be used as a non-destructive measurement for grape pruning weight.

Qualitative research: The impact of root orientation on coarse roots detection using ground-penetrating radar (GPR)

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 2237-2257
Author(s):  
Mingkai Wang ◽  
Jian Wen ◽  
Wenbin Li
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Simulation Experiment ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Coarse Root ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Root Orientation

The growth of coarse roots is complex, leading to intricate patterns of root systems in three dimensions. To detect and recognize coarse roots, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used. According to the GPR theory, a clear profile hyperbola is formed on the GPR radargrams when electromagnetic waves travel across two surfaces with different dielectric constants. First, the forward models (different root orientations) were built with simulation software (GprMax3.0) based on the finite-different time-domain method (FDTD). As the radar moved forward, the signal reflection curve was generated in different root orientations. An algorithm was proposed to obtain the coordinates of a single coarse root and analyze the influence of root direction on the hyperbola of coarse root through a symmetry curve and relative error (RE). Based on GPR datasets from the simulation experiment, the controlled experiment evaluated feasibility and effectiveness of the simulation experiment. To demonstrate the effect of the root orientation, the algorithm was applied to in situ recognition of the Summer Palace. The results showed that the localization of root orientation was relatively accurate. However, the proposed algorithm was unable to implement automatic detection, and the results still required human intervention. This research provides a solid basis for the biomass measurement, diameter estimation, and especially the three-dimensional reconstruction of ancient and famous trees.

scholarly journals A sonic root detector for revealing tree coarse root distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea R. Proto ◽  
Antonino Di Iorio ◽  
Lorenzo M. Abenavoli ◽  
Agostino Sorgonà
Keyword(s):  
Root Distribution ◽  
Coarse Root

Modeling infection and spread of Heterobasidion annosum in even-aged Fennoscandian conifer stands

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Pukkala ◽  
Timo Möykkynen ◽  
Magnus Thor ◽  
Jonas Rönnberg ◽  
Jan Stenlid
Keyword(s):  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Coarse Root ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Disease Effect ◽  
The Impact

Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. s. lato causes severe damage to forests. This study describes a model for simulating the infection and spread of Heterobasidion spp. in stands of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Pinus sylvestris L. The model includes submodels for stand dynamics (plot simulation, growth and yield, and cross-cutting of trees) and disease dynamics: (i) spore infection, (ii) stump colonization, (iii) colonization of stump roots, (iv) vegetative transfer to tree roots, (v) spread of disease in tree roots, (vi) spread of decay in stems, and (vii) disease effect on tree growth and survival. To illustrate the model, a simulation was carried out on a Swedish Norway spruce stand where logging occurred during the high-risk season for spore infection. The model provides a means of incorporating the impact of root disease into forest planning. A change of parameters indicated that model predictions were sensitive to the spread rate and presence of initial disease centers. Further research is called for in areas related to the development of coarse root systems of various tree species and the probability and rate of transfer of disease from various sources of inoculum to healthy trees.

Total belowground carbon and nitrogen partitioning of mature black spruce displaying genetic × soil moisture interaction in growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1939-1952 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Major ◽  
Kurt H. Johnsen ◽  
Debby C. Barsi ◽  
Moira Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Nitrogen Partitioning ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Coarse Root ◽  
C And N

Total belowground biomass, soil C, and N mass were measured in plots of 32-year-old black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) from four full-sib families studied previously for drought tolerance and differential productivity on a dry and a wet site. Stump root biomass was greater on the wet than on the dry site; however, combined fine and coarse root biomass was greater on the dry than on the wet site, resulting in no site root biomass differences. There were no site differences in root distribution by soil depth. Drought-tolerant families had greater stump root biomass and allocated relatively less to combined coarse and fine roots than drought-intolerant families. Fine roots (<2 mm) made up 10.9% and 50.2% of the belowground C and N biomass. Through 50 cm soil depth, mean total belowground C mass was 187.2 Mg·ha–1, of which 8.9%, 3.4%, 0.7%, and 87.0% were from the stump root, combined fine and coarse roots, necromass, and soil, respectively. Here, we show that belowground C sequestration generally mirrors (mostly from stump roots) aboveground growth, and thus, trends in genetic and genetic × environment productivity effects result in similar effects on belowground C sequestration. Thus, tree improvement may well be an important avenue to help stem increases in atmospheric CO2.

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