scholarly journals Energy balance of food in a detrito-bryophagous groundhopper (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9603
Author(s):  
Kateřina Kuřavová ◽  
Jan Šipoš ◽  
Petr Kočárek
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Nutrient Absorption ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Food Budget

Detritus (decaying organic matter) and phyllodes of mosses are two main components in the diet of groundhoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae). We studied the energy balance of consumed food under laboratory conditions in the detrito-bryophagous groundhopper, Tetrix subulata (Linnaeus, 1758). The results indicated that the energy food budget of this detrito-bryophagous groundhopper was comparable to those of small herbivorous grasshoppers (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae, Melanoplinae), which have a similar energy food budget of approximately 800–1,100 J/g. T. subulata consumed four times more detritus than mosses, although both components provided similar amounts of energy (ca. 15–16 kJ/g). However, in contrast with detritus, moss fragments passed through the digestive tract without a distinct change in their mass or a loss in their energy value. We assume that moss may cause the longer retention of semifluid mass of partly digested food in the alimentary tract; hence, the digestion and efficiency of nutrient absorption from detritus could be more effective.

Digestible cell wall and undigested cellular contents of two grasses of low net energy value for growing cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Moir
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Range Of Values

SUMMARYIn two grasses of low net energy value for growth and fattening of cattle, digestible cell-wall values were close to 40% of forage organic matter (OM), similar to the expected value for grass. A value of 14% of forage OM for apparently undigested cellular contents in both grasses was just outside the range of values for grass. The data supported previous evidence that total cell wall is the only value that can be used at present to define grass in terms of its digestible dry matter.

scholarly journals On the ability of calves to digest hay

1960 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Aarne Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Different Parts

Three experiments have been carried out with altogether 16 Ayrshire calves in order to determine the digestibility of timothy hay cured at the early flowering stage and containing some red clover. The ages of the calves varied from 2 ½ to 9 months. Hay was given either totally or almost ad lib. Lignin was used as tracer. In experiment 1 the ages of the six experimental calves varied from 3 to 9 months. The calves aged 5—9 months digested hay equally efficiently when com-pared with each other. The youngest calf aged 3 months digested hay less efficiently (Table 1). In Experiment 2 the ages of the six experimental calves varied from 10 to 22 weeks. In the trial two control cows were also included. The calves aged 10—12 weeks digested hay less efficiently and the calves aged 4—5 months almost as efficiently as the control cows (Table 2). The ability of calves of the same age to digest hay was quite variable. Experiment 3 was carried out with four 7 months old calves. At the end of the trial the calves were slaughtered and the contents of the different parts of the digestive tract were weighed and sampled. On the ground of the analyses of the hay, the contents of the abomasum and the faeces, the digestibilities of N-free organic matter and N-free non-lignin organic matter in the proventriculi and in the whole digestive tract were esimated. The share of the proventriculi in the total digestibility of the said substances was 82—88 per cent (Table 3). The contents of the reticulo-rumen of the calves in Experiment 3 as well as those of younger calves aged 3 ½—4 months were weighed in connection with the slaughtering. The quantity of the contents in calves of 7 months was 30—40 kg and that in calves aged 3 ½—4 months 12—15 kg.

The nutritive value for ruminants of a complete processed diet based on barley straw

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Wainman ◽  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
J. D. Pullar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Agricultural Research Council

SUMMARYCalorimetric experiments were made with a complete extruded diet for ruminants, ‘Ruminant Diet A’ prepared by Messrs U.K. Compound Feeds Ltd. Twelve determinations of energy and nitrogen retention were made using sheep and it was found that the diet had a metabolizable energy value of 2–32 kcal/g organic matter, and the net availabilities of its metabolizable energy were 42–7 % for fattening and 68–0 % for maintenance. These values agreed well with those predicted from equations published by the Agricultural Research Council. On a dry basis the starch equivalent was 38–3 %.

Efficiency of conversion of food to wool. V. Comparison of the apparent digestive ability of sheep selected for high clean wool weight with that of sheep from a random control group

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
LR Piper ◽  
CHS Dolling
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Random Control ◽  
Apparent Ability ◽  
Matter Energy

Two groups of sheep genetically different in clean wool production have been compared for their apparent ability to digest the dry matter, organic matter, energy, nitrogen, and sulphur of a range of pelleted and chaffed diets. Differences between groups were small, variable. and in no instance significant. It is concluded that the enhanced efficiency of conversion of food to wool of the high producers is probably related to improved metabolism of nutrients after absorption from the alimentary tract.

Ozonation of natural organic matter and aquatic humic substances: the effects of ozone on the structural characteristics and subsequent trihalomethane formation potential

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-166
Author(s):  
Mehrnaz Sadrnourmohammadi ◽  
Kenneth Brezinski ◽  
Beata Gorczyca
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Aromatic Rings ◽  
Formation Potential ◽  
Trihalomethane Formation Potential ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Reflectance Ftir ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Humic Fractions

Abstract The effect of ozonation on the structural and chemical characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) and its isolated humic fractions, humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid, were studied using Fourier transform infrared coupled to attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, and synchronous scanning fluorescence (SSF) spectroscopy. The results were linked to the effect of ozonation on trihalomethane formation potential (THMfp) reduction for water standards with high THM precursors. Results showed that ozonation at a dose of 1 mg ozone/mg dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was capable of reducing DOC, UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), and THMfp by up to 42%, 95%, and 89% for the HA water standard, respectively. The study of UV/Vis, FTIR-ATR, and SSF revealed trends showing that ozone can alter the composition of DOC in the water standards, causing a significant reduction in aromaticity. The reduction of UV254 for each ozonated sample also affirms that ozone mainly targets aromatic moieties contained in NOM. FTIR-ATR results showed that the reduction of unsaturated functional groups, including aromatic rings and C = C bonds in the water standards tested, were the main components impacted by ozone application. SSF results also revealed that ozonation decreases the fluorescence intensity of the maximum peak – as well as the whole spectra.

THE RESPONSE TO MOLLUSCAN SHELLS OF THE SWIMMING SEA ANEMONES STOMPHIA COCCINEA AND ACTINOSTOLA NEW SPECIES

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 895-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Ross ◽  
L. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
New Species ◽  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Hermit Crabs ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Modiolus Modiolus ◽  
Calliactis Parasitica ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Pedal Disc

Behavior patterns in the sea anemones Stomphia coccinea and Actinostala new species are described by which these animals settled preferentially on shells of Modiolus modiolus (commensal of S. coccinea) after they have been made to swim in response to the appropriate stimuli (the starfishes Dermasterias or Hippasteria, the nudibranch Aeolidia papillosa, etc.). Tentacular and oral contact without adhesion, followed by great distension of the pedal disc and some flexion of the column towards the shell, were the main components of these behavior patterns. Anemones which had been allowed to settle on other surfaces not more than 6 h previously migrated to shells which were brought into contact with the tentacles. Shells which were boiled in alkali to remove organic matter lost their capacity to elicit the response. This behavior pattern is compared with that of Calliactis parasitica, a commensal of hermit crabs which shows a preference for settling on shells of large gastropods.

scholarly journals Amoeba chironomi, nov. sp., Parasitic in the Alimentary Tract of the Larva of a Chironomus

Parasitology ◽  
1909 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 32-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Porter
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Entire Length ◽  
Contractile Vacuole ◽  
Iris Diaphragm ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Food Vacuoles ◽  
Well Differentiated

Amoeba chironomi, nov. sp., is distributed through practically the entire length of the digestive tract of the larva of Chironomus.The body of A. chironomi varies from 15μ, to 18μ in length and from 10μ. to 12μ in breadth. The single pseudopodium may reach 15μ in length; one pseudopodium only is usually present.Ectoplasm and endoplasm are well differentiated. A nucleus and a contractile vacuole are present. Food vacuoles are rare. The contractile vacuole resembles an iris diaphragm, consisting of a series of fine, curved, radiating canaliculi, opening into a central space. The excretory products are faintly reddish in colour. The presence of a contractile vacuole is uncommon in parasitic Amoebae.The nucleus is poor in chromatin. A nucleolus is present.A. chironomi is highly sensitive to the degree of concentration of the medium in which it lives. Very slight increase in density causes the organism to encyst.Encystment occurs in the rectum of the host, and the cysts are voided with the faeces. The cysts are from 12μ. to 20μ long and from 9μ broad. The process of encystment is rapid.The method of cross-infection of the host is probably a “casual” one, viz. by the mouth.

scholarly journals Theoretical Approach of the Adsorption of Herbicide Amitrole on the Soil using DFT Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 1240-1248
Author(s):  
Rabia Tazi ◽  
Hamza El Hadki ◽  
Mohammed Salah ◽  
Abdallah Zrineh ◽  
Mohammed El Azzouzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Quantum Chemical ◽  
Dft Method ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Water As Solvent ◽  
Structural Configurations ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Global And Local

Quantum chemical calculations were performed on amitrole used as herbicide in agriculture to investigate its interaction with humic substances which are the main components of soil organic matter. They contain carboxylic, phenolic, amine and quinonic groups as well as specific structural configurations. Global and local reactivity have been studied to predict reactive centers and to determine the favorable site for interaction with surface. The results suggest us that hydrogen bonds are formed between this compound and the amino acids of soil organic matter. The effect of water as solvent is considered since adsorption of pesticide commonly occurs in aqueous environment.

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